• 전세계적으로 결핵은 HIV 다음으로 두 번째로 가장 치명적인 감염질환으로, 매해 약 백오십 만 명을 사망에 이르게 하며 기침이나 재채기를 통해 흔히 확산된다.
• 다제내성 결핵(MDR-TB)은 이소니아지드와 리팜핀에 동시에 내성이 있는 결핵균에 의해 발생한, 치료가 매우 어려운 복잡한 형태의 결핵이다.
• 질병관리본부가 지난해 2월 발표한 ‘2011년 OECD 국가의 결핵 현황 분석’ 보고서에 따르면, OECD 회원 국가와 비교하여 우리나라의 결핵 발생률, 유병률, 사망률은 모두 높은 실정이며, 다제내성결핵 예상 환자수도 1,800명으로 OECD 회원국 전체에서 가장 많은 것으로 추정된다. 이 같은 국내 환경에서 환자들이 적절한 치료를 받지 않으면, 전염을 통해 또 다른 약제 내성 균을 확산시킬 위험이 높아진다.
IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION
WARNINGS: INCREASED MORTALITY; QT PROLONGATION
Increased Mortality
•An increased risk of death was seen in the SIRTURO® treatment group (9/79, 11.4%) compared to the placebo treatment group (2/81, 2.5%) in one placebo-controlled trial. Only use SIRTURO® when an effective treatment regimen cannot otherwise be provided.
QT Prolongation
•QT prolongation can occur with SIRTURO®. Use with drugs that prolong the QT interval may cause additive QT prolongation. Monitor ECGs. Discontinue SIRTURO® if significant ventricular arrhythmia or if QTcF interval prolongation of greater than 500 ms develops.
Warnings and Precautions
Increased Mortality
An increased risk of death was seen in the SIRTURO® treatment group. The imbalance in deaths is unexplained. No discernible pattern between death and sputum culture conversion, relapse, sensitivity to other drugs used to treat tuberculosis, HIV status, or severity of disease could be observed. Only use SIRTURO® when an effective treatment regimen cannot otherwise be provided.
QT Prolongation
SIRTURO® prolongs the QT interval. Obtain an ECG before initiation of treatment, and at least 2, 12, and 24 weeks after starting treatment with SIRTURO®. Obtain serum potassium, calcium, and magnesium at baseline and correct if abnormal. Monitor electrolytes if QT prolongation is detected.
SIRTURO® has not been studied in patients with ventricular arrhythmias or recent myocardial infarction.
The following may increase the risk for QT prolongation when patients are receiving SIRTURO®: use with other QT prolonging drugs including fluoroquinolones and macrolide antibacterial drugs and the antimycobacterial drug, clofazimine; a history of Torsade de Pointes; a history of congenital long QT syndrome; a history of or ongoing hypothyroidism; a history of or ongoing bradyarrhythmias; a history of uncompensated heart failure; serum calcium, magnesium, or potassium levels below the lower limits of normal
If necessary, bedaquiline treatment initiation could be considered in these patients after a favorable benefit risk assessment and with frequent ECG monitoring.
Discontinue SIRTURO® and all other QT prolonging drugs if the patient develops clinically significant ventricular arrhythmia or a QTcF interval of greater than 500 ms (confirmed by repeat ECG).
If syncope occurs, obtain an ECG to detect QT prolongation.
Hepatotoxicity
More hepatic-related adverse drug reactions were reported with the use of SIRTURO® plus other drugs to treat tuberculosis compared to other drugs used to treat tuberculosis without the addition of SIRTURO®. Alcohol and other hepatotoxic drugs should be avoided while on SIRTURO®, especially in patients with impaired hepatic function.
Monitor symptoms (such as fatigue, anorexia, nausea, jaundice, dark urine, liver tenderness, and hepatomegaly) and laboratory tests (ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin) at baseline, monthly while on treatment, and as needed. Test for viral hepatitis and discontinue other hepatotoxic medications if evidence of new or worsening liver dysfunction occurs. Discontinue SIRTURO® if:
•aminotransferase elevations are accompanied by total bilirubin elevation greater than two times the upper limit of normal
•aminotransferase elevations are greater than eight times the upper limit of normal
•aminotransferase elevations are greater than five times the upper limit of normal and persist beyond two weeks
Drug Interactions
CYP3A4 Inducers/Inhibitors: Bedaquiline is metabolized by CYP3A4 and its systemic exposure and therapeutic effect may therefore be reduced during co-administration with inducers of CYP3A4. Avoid coadministration of strong CYP3A4 inducers such as rifamycins (i.e., rifampin, rifapentine, and rifabutin) or moderate CYP3A4 inducers such as efavirenz. Co-administration of SIRTURO® with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase the systemic exposure to bedaquiline, which could potentially increase the risk of adverse reactions. Therefore, avoid the use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors used for more than 14 consecutive days while on SIRTURO®, unless the benefit of treatment with the drug combination outweighs the risk. Appropriate clinical monitoring for SIRTURO®-related adverse reactions is recommended.
Adverse Reactions
Adverse reactions that occurred more frequently than placebo during treatment with SIRTURO® included: nausea (38% vs. 32%), arthralgia (33% vs. 22%), headache (28% vs. 12%), hemoptysis (18% vs. 11%), chest pain (11% vs. 7%), anorexia (9% vs. 4%), transaminases increased (9% vs. 1%), rash (8% vs. 4%), and blood amylase increased (3% vs. 1%).
http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1534c9ae-4948-4cf4-9f66-222a99db6d0e#footnote-reference-1