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PROTONIX ® I.V. (pantoprazole sodium) for injection
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use PROTONIX I.V. safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for PROTONIX I.V.
PROTONIX ® I.V. (pantoprazole sodium) for injection, for intravenous use
Initial U.S. approval: 2000
RECENT MAJOR CHANGES
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Contraindications (4) |
12/2014 |
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Warnings and Precautions, Acute Interstitial Nephritis (5.5) |
12/2014 |
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PROTONIX is a proton pump inhibitor indicated for the following:
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Short-term Treatment (7 to 10 days) of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Associated With a History of Erosive Esophagitis (1.1)
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Pathological Hypersecretion Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (1.2)
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
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The recommended adult dose is 40 mg pantoprazole given once daily by intravenous infusion for 7 to 10 days. (2.1)
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
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PROTONIX I.V. (pantoprazole sodium) for Injection: 40 mg pantoprazole (3)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Known hypersensitivity to any component of the formulation or to substituted benzimidazoles (4)
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
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Symptomatic response to therapy with pantoprazole does not preclude the presence of gastric malignancy (5.1)
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Anaphylaxis has been reported with use of intravenous pantoprazole (5.2)
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Thrombophlebitis is associated with the administration of intravenous pantoprazole (5.3)
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Zinc supplementation should be considered in patients treated with PROTONIX I.V. for Injection who are prone to zinc deficiency. Caution should be used when other EDTA containing products are also co-administered intravenously (5.4)
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Acute interstitial nephritis has been observed in patients taking PPIs. (5.5)
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PPI therapy may be associated with increased risk of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (5.6)
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Bone Fracture:
PPI therapy may be associated with an increased risk for osteoporosis-related fractures of the hip, wrist or spine after long term and multiple daily dose. (5.7)
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Hypomagnesemia has been reported rarely with prolonged treatment with PPIs (5.9)
ADVERSE REACTIONS
The most frequently occurring adverse reactions are as follows:
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For adult use (>2%) are headache, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, flatulence, dizziness, and arthralgia. (6)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Pfizer Inc. at 1-800-438-1985 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
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Do not co-administer with atazanavir or nelfinavir (7.1)
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Concomitant warfarin use may require monitoring (7.2)
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May interfere with the absorption of drugs where gastric pH is important for bioavailability (e.g. ketoconazole, ampicillin esters, atazanavir, iron salts, erlotinib and mycophenolate mofetil) (7.4)
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May produce false-positive urine screen for THC (7.5)
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Methotrexate: PROTONIX may increase serum level of methotrexate (7.6)
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION.
Revised: 12/2014
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
1.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Associated with a History of Erosive Esophagitis
PROTONIX I.V. for Injection is indicated for short-term treatment (7 to 10 days) of adult patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and a history of erosive esophagitis.
Safety and efficacy of PROTONIX I.V. for Injection as a treatment of patients with GERD and a history of erosive esophagitis for more than 10 days have not been demonstrated.
1.2 Pathological Hypersecretion Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
PROTONIX I.V. for Injection is indicated for the treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome in adults.
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to and during administration whenever solution and container permit.
Parenteral routes of administration other than intravenous are not recommended.
PROTONIX I.V. for Injection may be administered intravenously through a dedicated line or through a Y-site. The intravenous line should be flushed before and after administration of PROTONIX I.V. for Injection with either 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, or Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP. When administered through a Y-site, PROTONIX I.V. for Injection is compatible with the following solutions: 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, or Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP.
Midazolam HCl has been shown to be incompatible with Y-site administration of PROTONIX I.V. for Injection. PROTONIX I.V. for Injection may not be compatible with products containing zinc. When PROTONIX I.V. for Injection is administered through a Y-site, immediately stop use if precipitation or discoloration occurs.
2.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Associated With a History of Erosive Esophagitis
Recommended Dosage
The recommended adult dose is 40 mg pantoprazole given once daily by intravenous infusion for 7 to 10 days.
Treatment with PROTONIX® I.V. (pantoprazole sodium) for Injection should be discontinued as soon as the patient is able to receive treatment with PROTONIX Delayed-Release Tablets or Oral Suspension.
Administration and Preparation Instructions
Data on the safe and effective dosing for conditions other than those described [see Indications and Usage (1)] such as life-threatening upper gastrointestinal bleeds, are not available. PROTONIX I.V. 40 mg once daily does not raise gastric pH to levels sufficient to contribute to the treatment of such life-threatening conditions.
Fifteen Minute Infusion
PROTONIX I.V. for Injection should be reconstituted with 10 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, and further diluted (admixed) with 100 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, or Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP, to a final concentration of approximately 0.4 mg/mL. The reconstituted solution may be stored for up to 6 hours at room temperature prior to further dilution. The admixed solution may be stored at room temperature and must be used within 24 hours from the time of initial reconstitution. Both the reconstituted solution and the admixed solution do not need to be protected from light.
PROTONIX I.V. for Injection admixtures should be administered intravenously over a period of approximately 15 minutes at a rate of approximately 7 mL/min.
Two Minute Infusion
PROTONIX I.V. for Injection should be reconstituted with 10 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, to a final concentration of approximately 4 mg/mL. The reconstituted solution may be stored for up to 24 hours at room temperature prior to intravenous infusion and does not need to be protected from light. PROTONIX I.V. for Injection should be administered intravenously over a period of at least 2 minutes.
2.2 Pathological Hypersecretion Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Recommended Dosage
The dosage of PROTONIX I.V. for Injection in patients with pathological hypersecretory conditions including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome varies with individual patients. The recommended adult dosage is 80 mg intravenously every 12 hours. The frequency of dosing can be adjusted to individual patient needs based on acid output measurements. In those patients who need a higher dosage, 80 mg intravenously every 8 hours is expected to maintain acid output below 10 mEq/h. Daily doses higher than 240 mg or administered for more than 6 days have not been studied [see Clinical Studies (14)]. Transition from oral to intravenous and from intravenous to oral formulations of gastric acid inhibitors should be performed in such a manner to ensure continuity of effect of suppression of acid secretion. Patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome may be vulnerable to serious clinical complications of increased acid production even after a short period of loss of effective inhibition.
Administration and Preparation Instructions
Fifteen Minute Infusion
Each vial of PROTONIX I.V. for Injection should be reconstituted with 10 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP. The contents of the two vials should be combined and further diluted (admixed) with 80 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, or Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP, to a total volume of 100 mL with a final concentration of approximately 0.8 mg/mL. The reconstituted solution may be stored for up to 6 hours at room temperature prior to further dilution. The admixed solution may be stored at room temperature and must be used within 24 hours from the time of initial reconstitution. Both the reconstituted solution and the admixed solution do not need to be protected from light.
PROTONIX I.V. for Injection should be administered intravenously over a period of approximately 15 minutes at a rate of approximately 7 mL/min.
Two minute Infusion
PROTONIX I.V. for Injection should be reconstituted with 10 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, per vial to a final concentration of approximately 4 mg/mL. The reconstituted solution may be stored for up to 24 hours at room temperature prior to intravenous infusion and does not need to be protected from light. The total volume from both vials should be administered intravenously over a period of at least 2 minutes.
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
PROTONIX I.V. (pantoprazole sodium) for Injection is supplied as a freeze-dried powder containing 40 mg of pantoprazole per vial.
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
PROTONIX is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis to the formulation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] or any substituted benzimidazole. Hypersensitivity reactions may include anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, angioedema, bronchospasm, acute interstitial nephritis, and urticaria [see Adverse Reactions (6)].
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Implications of Symptomatic Response
Symptomatic response to therapy with pantoprazole does not preclude the presence of gastric malignancy.
5.2 Hypersensitivity and Severe Skin Reactions
Anaphylaxis and other serious reactions such as erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) have been reported with use of intravenous pantoprazole. These may require emergency medical treatment [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].
5.3 Injection Site Reactions
Thrombophlebitis was associated with the administration of intravenous pantoprazole.
5.4 Potential for Exacerbation of Zinc Deficiency
PROTONIX contains edetate disodium (the salt form of EDTA), a chelator of metal ions including zinc. Therefore, zinc supplementation should be considered in patients treated with PROTONIX I.V. for Injection who are prone to zinc deficiency. Caution should be used when other EDTA containing products are also co-administered intravenously.
5.5 Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Acute interstitial nephritis has been observed in patients taking PPIs including PROTONIX I.V. Acute interstitial nephritis may occur at any point during PPI therapy and is generally attributed to an idiopathic hypersensitivity reaction. Discontinue PROTONIX I.V. if acute interstitial nephritis develops [see Contraindications (4)].
5.6 Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea
Published observational studies suggest that PPI therapy like PROTONIX may be associated with an increased risk of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea, especially in hospitalized patients. This diagnosis should be considered for diarrhea that does not improve [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].
Patients should use the lowest dose and shortest duration of PPI therapy appropriate to the condition being treated.
5.7 Bone Fracture
Several published observational studies suggest that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy may be associated with an increased risk for osteoporosis-related fractures of the hip, wrist, or spine. The risk of fracture was increased in patients who received high-dose, defined as multiple daily doses, and long-term PPI therapy (a year or longer). Patients should use the lowest dose and shortest duration of PPI therapy appropriate to the condition being treated. Patients at risk for osteoporosis-related fractures should be managed according to established treatment guidelines [see Dosage and Administration (2) and Adverse Reactions (6)].
5.8 Hepatic Effects
Mild, transient transaminase elevations have been observed in clinical studies. The clinical significance of this finding in a large population of subjects administered intravenous pantoprazole is unknown. [see Adverse Reactions (6)].
5.9 Hypomagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia, symptomatic and asymptomatic, has been reported rarely in patients treated with PPIs for at least three months, and in most cases after a year of therapy. Serious adverse events include tetany, arrhythmias, and seizures. In most patients, treatment of hypomagnesemia required magnesium replacement and discontinuation of the PPI.
For patients expected to be on prolonged treatment or who take PPIs with medications such as digoxin or drugs that may cause hypomagnesemia (e.g., diuretics), health care professionals may consider monitoring magnesium levels prior to initiation of PPI treatment and periodically [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].
5.10 Interference with Urine Screen for THC
May produce false-positive urine screen for THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
[see Drug Interactions (7.4)].
5.11 Concomitant use of PROTONIX with Methotrexate
Literature suggests that concomitant use of PPIs with methotrexate (primarily at high dose; see methotrexate prescribing information) may elevate and prolong serum levels of methotrexate and/or its metabolite, possibly leading to methotrexate toxicities. In high-dose methotrexate administration, a temporary withdrawal of the PPI may be considered in some patients [see Drug Interactions (7.6)].
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
Worldwide, approximately 80,500 patients have been treated with pantoprazole in clinical trials involving various dosages and duration of treatment.
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Safety in nine randomized comparative US clinical trials in patients with GERD included 1,473 patients on oral pantoprazole (20 mg or 40 mg), 299 patients on an H2-receptor antagonist, 46 patients on another proton pump inhibitor, and 82 patients on placebo. The most frequently occurring adverse reactions are listed in Table 1.
The number of patients treated in comparative studies with I.V. pantoprazole is limited; however, the adverse reactions seen were similar to those seen in the oral studies. Thrombophlebitis was the only new adverse reaction identified with I.V. pantoprazole.
Additional adverse reactions that were reported for PROTONIX in US clinical trials with a frequency of ≤ 2% are listed below by body system:
Body as a Whole: allergic reaction, fever, photosensitivity reaction, facial edema, thrombophlebitis (I.V. only)
Gastrointestinal: constipation, dry mouth, hepatitis
Hematologic: leukopenia (reported in ex-US clinical trials only), thrombocytopenia
Metabolic/Nutritional: elevated CPK (creatine phosphokinase), generalized edema, elevated triglycerides, liver function tests abnormal
Musculoskeletal: myalgia
Nervous: depression, vertigo
Skin and Appendages: urticaria, rash, pruritus
Special Senses: blurred vision
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
In clinical studies of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, adverse reactions reported in 35 patients taking PROTONIX 80 mg/day to 240 mg/day for up to 2 years were similar to those reported in adult patients with GERD.
6.2 Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of PROTONIX. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
These adverse reactions are listed below by body system:
General Disorders and Administration Conditions: asthenia, fatigue, malaise
Immune System Disorders: anaphylaxis (including anaphylactic shock)
Investigations: weight changes
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: severe dermatologic reactions (some fatal), including erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and angioedema (Quincke's edema)
Musculoskeletal Disorders: rhabdomyolysis, bone fracture
Renal and Urinary Disorders: interstitial nephritis
Hepatobiliary Disorders: hepatocellular damage leading to jaundice and hepatic failure
Psychiatric Disorder: hallucinations, confusion, insomnia, somnolence
Metabolism and Nutritional Disorders: hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia
Infections and Infestations: Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea
Hematologic: pancytopenia, agranulocytosis
Nervous: ageusia, dysgeusia
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1 Interference with Antiretroviral Therapy
Concomitant use of atazanavir or nelfinavir with proton pump inhibitors is not recommended. Co-administration of atazanavir or nelfinavir with proton pump inhibitors is expected to substantially decrease atazanavir or nelfinavir plasma concentrations and may result in a loss of therapeutic effect and development of drug resistance.
7.2 Coumarin Anticoagulants
There have been postmarketing reports of increased INR and prothrombin time in patients receiving proton pump inhibitors, including pantoprazole, and warfarin concomitantly. Increases in INR and prothrombin time may lead to abnormal bleeding and even death. Patients treated with proton pump inhibitors and warfarin concomitantly should be monitored for increases in INR and prothrombin time.
7.3 Clopidogrel
Concomitant administration of pantoprazole and clopidogrel in healthy subjects had no clinically important effect on exposure to the active metabolite of clopidogrel or clopidogrel-induced platelet inhibition [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. No dose adjustment of clopidogrel is necessary when administered with an approved dose of PROTONIX.
7.4 Drugs for which Gastric pH Can Affect Bioavailability
Due to its effects on gastric acid secretion, pantoprazole can reduce the absorption of drugs where gastric pH is an important determinant of their bioavailability. Like with other drugs that decrease the intragastric acidity, the absorption of drugs such as ketoconazole, ampicillin esters, atazanavir, iron salts, erlotinib, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) can decrease.
Co-administration of pantoprazole in healthy subjects and in transplant patients receiving MMF has been reported to reduce the exposure to the active metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA), possibly due to a decrease in MMF solubility at an increased gastric pH. The clinical relevance of reduced MPA exposure on organ rejection has not been established in transplant patients receiving PROTONIX I.V. and MMF. Use PROTONIX I.V. with caution in transplant patients receiving MMF [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
7.5 False Positive Urine Tests for THC
There have been reports of false positive urine screening tests for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in patients receiving proton pump inhibitors including pantoprazole. An alternative confirmatory method should be considered to verify positive results.
7.6 Methotrexate
Case reports, published population pharmacokinetic studies, and retrospective analyses suggest that concomitant administration of PPIs and methotrexate (primarily at high dose; see methotrexate prescribing information) may elevate and prolong serum levels of methotrexate and/or its metabolite hydroxymethotrexate. However, no formal drug interaction studies of methotrexate with PPIs have been conducted [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects
Pregnancy Category B
Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at intravenous doses up to 20 mg/kg/day (4 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and rabbits at intravenous doses up to 15 mg/kg/day (6 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to pantoprazole. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.2)].
8.3 Nursing Mothers
Pantoprazole and its metabolites are excreted in the milk of rats. Pantoprazole excretion in human milk has been detected in a study of a single nursing mother after a single 40 mg oral dose. The clinical relevance of this finding is not known. Many drugs which are excreted in human milk have a potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants. Based on the potential for tumorigenicity shown for pantoprazole in rodent carcinogenicity studies, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the benefit of the drug to the mother.
8.4 Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness of PROTONIX I.V. in pediatric patients have not been established.
8.5 Geriatric Use
No age-related differences in the safety profile of intravenous pantoprazole were seen in international trials involving 86 elderly (≥ 65 years old) and 200 younger (< 65 years old) patients with erosive esophagitis associated with GERD. Erosive esophagitis healing rates in the 107 elderly patients (≥ 65 years old) treated with oral pantoprazole in U.S. clinical trials were similar to those found in patients under the age of 65. The incidence rates of adverse ev |
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