细胞相比较,恶性肿瘤细胞对蛋白酶体抑制剂更为敏感。其部分机理在于肿瘤的发生与细胞周期和凋亡检查点突变的逆转与旁路重建有关;另外,恶性肿瘤细胞也更依赖于蛋白酶体体系去除异常蛋白以及依赖NF-κB通路的激活而维持肿瘤细胞的耐药性和放疗抵抗性。Bortezomib能特异性抑制哺乳动物细胞内26S蛋白酶体的类胰凝乳蛋白酶(chymotrypsin-like)活性,对一系列细胞信号转导通路产生影响,诱导肿瘤细胞死亡。一项多中心Ⅱ期开放性临床研究显示,在202例复发性和顽固性多发性骨髓瘤患者中,其中92%的患者先前至少接受过3种药物治疗,并且先前治疗对91%的患者无效。共193例患者可评价临床疗效。结果示有效率(CR+PR+MR)为35%,中位总生存期为16个月,中位缓解时间为12个月[28]。基于该项研究,2003年5月,美国FDA批准千年制药公司Bortezomib注射剂(Velcade)上市,用于治疗先前至少用过2种药物治疗和最近1次治疗显示病情加重的多发性骨髓瘤。它是美国近十年来第一个被批准用于多发性骨髓瘤的药物,同时也是第一个蛋白酶体抑制剂药物。
2004年ASCO会议上,Connor等报告了蛋白酶体抑制剂Bortezomib治疗复发性或难治性惰性淋巴瘤的临床研究[29]。在25例患者包括了3例小淋巴细胞性淋巴瘤、9例滤泡性淋巴瘤、11例套细胞淋巴瘤和2例边缘区淋巴瘤。其中24例先前接受过以下化学治疗:60%的患者接受过CHOP +/- R方案治疗;20%的患者接受过CVP +/- R方案治疗;15%的患者接受过以嘌呤类药物为基础的化学治疗;12%的患者接受过外周血干细胞支持下的大剂量化学治疗;还有8% 的患者接受过放射免疫治疗。Bortezomib的用法是1.5 mg/m2,每周两次,连用两周,每三周重复。除一例出现III度感觉和运动神经毒性外,其他患者均未出现III度或IV度的毒性。 结果小淋巴细胞性淋巴瘤患者均在第二或第四个疗程后达到肿瘤稳定。在9例可评价疗效的滤泡性淋巴瘤患者中,6例均达到肿瘤缓解,其中1例达到持续完全缓解。2例边缘区淋巴瘤患者在治疗2疗程后达到部分缓解。在10例可评价疗效的套细胞淋巴瘤患者中,5例达到部分缓解。提示蛋白酶体抑制剂Bortezomib对惰性淋巴瘤的某些亚型具有肯定的疗效。另外,目前正在开展蛋白酶体抑制剂Bortezomib单药治疗霍奇金淋巴瘤以及联合Bcl-2反义寡核苷酸G3139治疗恶性淋巴瘤的I/II期临床研究。
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