部份中文琥乙红霉素处方资料（仅供参考） 
适应症
1．本品作为青霉素过敏患者治疗下列感染的替代用药: 溶血性链球菌、肺炎链球菌等所致的急性扁桃体炎、急性咽炎、鼻窦炎；溶血性链球菌所致猩红热、蜂窝织炎；白喉及白喉带菌者；气性坏疽、炭疽、破伤风；放线菌病；梅毒；李斯特菌病等。 
2．军团菌病。 
3．肺炎支原体肺炎。 
4．肺炎衣原体肺炎。 
5．衣原体属、支原体属所致泌尿生殖系感染。 
6．沙眼衣原体结膜炎。 
7．厌氧菌所致的口腔感染。 
8．空肠弯曲菌肠炎。 
9．百日咳。 
10．风湿热复发、感染性心内膜炎(风湿性心脏病、先天性心脏病、心脏瓣膜置换术后)及口腔、上呼吸道医疗操作时的预防用药(青霉素的替代用药)。  
禁忌
对本品或其他红霉素制剂过敏者、慢性肝病患者、肝功能损害者及孕妇禁用。禁忌用于服用特非那定、阿司咪唑和西沙必利的病人；对本品或其它大环内酯类抗生素过敏者禁用。 
注意事项
1．溶血性链球菌感染用本品治疗时，至少需持续10日，以防止急性风湿热的发生。
2．肾功能减退患者一般无需减少用量，但严重肾功能损害者本品的剂量应适当减少。
3．用药期间定期检查肝功能。
4．患者对一种红霉素制剂过敏或不能耐受时，对其他红霉素制剂也可能过敏或不能耐受。
5．因不同细菌对红霉素的敏感性存在一定差异，故应做药敏测定。  
不良反应
1．服用本品后发生肝毒性反应者较服用其他红霉素制剂为多见，服药数日或1～2周后患者可出现乏力、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、皮疹、发热等。有时可出现黄疸，肝功能试验显示淤胆，停药后常可恢复。
2．胃肠道反应有腹泻、恶心、呕吐、中上腹痛、口舌疼痛、胃纳减退等，其发生率与剂量大小有关。
3．大剂量〈≥4g/日〉应用时，尤其肝、肾疾病患者或老年患者，可能引起听力减退，主要与血药浓度过高 (>12mg/L)有关，停药后大多可恢复。
4．过敏反应表现为药物热、皮疹、嗜酸粒细胞增多等，发生率约0.5%～1%。
5．偶有心律失常，口腔或阴道念珠菌感染。  
用法与用量
口服，成人一日1．6g，分2～4次服用。
军团菌病患者，一次0.4~1.0g，一日4次。成人每日量一般不宜超过4g。
预防链球菌感染，一次400mg，一日2次。
衣原体或溶脲脲原体感染，一次800mg，每8小时1次，共7日l或～次400mg，每6小时一次，共14日。
小儿，按体重一次7．5～12．5mg／kg，一日4次；或一次15-25mg／kg，一日2次；严重感染时每日量可加倍，分4次服用。
ERYTHROMYCIN ETHYLSUCCINATE ORAL SUSPENSION, USP
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of erythromycin ethylsuccinate oral suspension and other antibacterial drugs, erythromycin ethylsuccinate oral suspension should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.
DESCRIPTION
Erythromycin is produced by a strain of Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly Streptomyces erythraeus) and belongs to the macrolide group of antibiotics. It is basic and readily forms salts with acids. The base, the stearate salt and the esters are poorly soluble in water. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate is an ester of erythromycin suitable for oral administration. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate oral suspension contains 200 or 400 mg erythromycin activity per teaspoonful (5 mL) in a premixed suspension with a cherry flavor, supplied in pint (16 fl oz) bottles. The premixed suspension for oral administration is intended primarily for pediatric use but can also be used in adults.
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate is known chemically as erythromycin 2'-(ethylsuccinate). The molecular formula is C43H75NO16 and the molecular weight is 862.06. The structural formula is:
Inactive Ingredients
Alcohol less than 0.1%, citric acid, D&C Red No. 33, FD&C Red No. 40, methylparaben, polysorbate 60, propylparaben, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sucrose, water, xanthan gum, and natural and artificial flavoring.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Orally administered erythromycin ethylsuccinate suspension is readily and reliably absorbed. Comparable serum levels of erythromycin are achieved in the fasting and nonfasting states.
Erythromycin diffuses readily into most body fluids. Only low concentrations are normally achieved in the spinal fluid, but passage of the drug across the blood-brain barrier increases in meningitis. In the presence of normal hepatic function, erythromycin is concentrated in the liver and excreted in the bile; the effect of hepatic dysfunction on excretion of erythromycin by the liver into the bile is not known. Less than 5 percent of the orally administered dose of erythromycin is excreted in active form in the urine.
Erythromycin crosses the placental barrier, but fetal plasma levels are low. The drug is excreted in human milk.
Microbiology
Erythromycin acts by inhibition of protein synthesis by binding 50 S ribosomal subunits of susceptible organisms. It does not affect nucleic acid synthesis. Antagonism has been demonstrated in vitro between erythromycin and clindamycin, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol.
Many strains of Haemophilus influenzae are resistant to erythromycin alone, but are susceptible to erythromycin and sulfonamides used concomitantly.
Staphylococci resistant to erythromycin may emerge during a course of therapy.
Erythromycin has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section.
Susceptibility Tests
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of erythromycin ethylsuccinate oral suspension and other antibacterial drugs, erythromycin ethylsuccinate oral suspension should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate oral suspension is indicated in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms in the diseases uled below:
Upper respiratory tract infections of mild to moderate degree caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae (when used concomitantly with adequate doses of sulfonamides, since many strains of H. influenzae are not susceptible to the erythromycin concentrations ordinarily achieved). (See appropriate sulfonamide labeling for prescribing information.)
Lower-respiratory tract infections of mild to moderate severity caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Streptococcus pyogenes.
Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes.
Pertussis (whooping cough) caused by Bordetella pertussis. Erythromycin is effective in eliminating the organism from the nasopharynx of infected individuals, rendering them noninfectious. Some clinical studies suggest that erythromycin may be helpful in the prophylaxis of pertussis in exposed susceptible individuals.
Respiratory tract infections due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae .
Skin and skin structure infections of mild to moderate severity caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus (resistant staphylococci may emerge during treatment).
Diphtheria: Infections due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae , as an adjunct to antitoxin, to prevent establishment of carriers and to eradicate the organism in carriers.
Erythrasma: In the treatment of infections due to Corynebacterium minutissimum.
Intestinal amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica (oral erythromycins only). Extraenteric amebiasis requires treatment with other agents.
Acute pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: As an alternative drug in treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease caused by N. gonorrhoeae in female patients with a history of sensitivity to penicillin. Patients should have a serologic test for syphilis before receiving erythromycin as treatment of gonorrhea and a follow-up serologic test for syphilis after 3 months.
Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum: Erythromycin is an alternate choice of treatment for primary syphilis in patients allergic to the penicillins. In treatment of primary syphilis, spinal fluid examinations should be done before treatment and as part of follow-up after therapy.
Erythromycins are indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis: conjunctivitis of the newborn, pneumonia of infancy, and urogenital infections during pregnancy. When tetracyclines are contraindicated or not tolerated, erythromycin is indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infections in adults due to Chlamydia trachomatis.
When tetracyclines are contraindicated or not tolerated, erythromycin is indicated for the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Legionnaires' Disease caused by Legionella pneumophila. Although no controlled clinical efficacy studies have been conducted, in vitro and limited preliminary clinical data suggest that erythromycin may be effective in treating Legionnaires' Disease.
Prophylaxis
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Erythromycin is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to this antibiotic.
Erythromycin is contraindicated in patients taking terfenadine, astemizole, pimozide, or cisapride. (See PRECAUTIONS - Drug Interactions .)
WARNINGS
There have been reports of hepatic dysfunction, including increased liver enzymes, and hepatocellular and/or cholestatic hepatitis, with or without jaundice, occurring in patients receiving oral erythromycin products.
There have been reports suggesting that erythromycin does not reach the fetus in adequate concentration to prevent congenital syphilis. Infants born to women treated during pregnancy with oral erythromycin for early syphilis should be treated with an appropriate penicillin regimen.
Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents, including erythromycin, and may range in severity from mild to life threatening. Therefore, it is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who present with diarrhea subsequent to the administration of antibacterial agents.
Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon and may permit overgrowth of clostridia. Studies indicate that a toxin produced by Clostridium difficile is a primary cause of "antibiotic-associated colitis".
After the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis has been established, therapeutic measures should be initiated. Mild cases of pseudomembranous colitis usually respond to discontinuation of the drug alone. In moderate to severe cases, consideration should be given to management with fluids and electrolytes, protein supplementation, and treatment with an antibacterial drug clinically effective against Clostridium difficile colitis.
Rhabdomyolysis with or without renal impairment has been reported in seriously ill patients receiving erythromycin concomitantly with lovastatin. Therefore, patients receiving concomitant lovastatin and erythromycin should be carefully monitored for creatine kinase (CK) and serum transaminase levels. (See package insert for lovastatin.)
PRECAUTIONS
General
Prescribing erythromycin ethylsuccinate oral suspension in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Since erythromycin is principally excreted by the liver, caution should be exercised when erythromycin is administered to patients with impaired hepatic function. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and WARNINGS sections.)
There have been reports that erythromycin may aggravate the weakness of patients with myasthenia gravis.
There have been reports of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) occurring in infants following erythromycin therapy. In one cohort of 157 newborns who were given erythromycin for pertussis prophylaxis, seven neonates (5%) developed symptoms of non-bilious vomiting or irritability with feeding and were subsequently diagnosed as having IHPS requiring surgical pyloromyotomy. A possible dose-response effect was described with an absolute risk of IHPS of 5.1% for infants who took erythromycin for 8-14 days and 10% for infants who took erythromycin for 15-21 days.4 Since erythromycin may be used in the treatment of conditions in infants which are associated with significant mortality or morbidity (such as pertussis or neonatal Chlamydia trachomatis infections), the benefit of erythromycin therapy needs to be weighed against the potential risk of developing IHPS. Parents should be informed to contact their physician if vomiting or irritability with feeding occurs.
Prolonged or repeated use of erythromycin may result in an overgrowth of nonsusceptible bacteria or fungi. If superinfection occurs, erythromycin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.
When indicated, incision and drainage or other surgical procedures should be performed in conjunction with antibiotic therapy.
Information for Patients
Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including erythromycin ethylsuccinate oral suspension should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When erythromycin ethylsuccinate oral suspension is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by erythromycin ethylsuccinate oral suspension or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Drug Interactions
Erythromycin use in patients who are receiving high doses of theophylline may be associated with an increase in serum theophylline levels and potential theophylline toxicity. In case of theophylline toxicity and/or elevated serum theophylline levels, the dose of theophylline should be reduced while the patient is receiving concomitant erythromycin therapy.
Concomitant administration of erythromycin and digoxin has been reported to result in elevated digoxin serum levels.
There have been reports of increased anticoagulant effects when erythromycin and oral anticoagulants were used concomitantly. Increased anticoagulation effects due to interactions of erythromycin with various oral anticoagulants may be more pronounced in the elderly.
Erythromycin is a substrate and inhibitor of the 3A isoform subfamily of the cytochrome p450 enzyme system (CYP3A). Coadministration of erythromycin and a drug primarily metabolized by CYP3A may be associated with elevations in drug concentrations that could increase or prolong both the therapeutic and adverse effects of the concomitant drug. Dosage adjustments may be considered, and when possible, serum concentrations of drugs primarily metabolized by CYP3A should be monitored closely in patients concurrently receiving erythromycin.
The following are examples of some clinically significant CYP3A based drug interactions. Interactions with other drugs metabolized by the CYP3A isoform are also possible. The following CYP3A based drug interactions have been observed with erythromycin products in post-marketing experience:
Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
Erythromycin interferes with the fluorometric determination of urinary catecholamines.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Long-term (2-year) oral studies in rats with erythromycin ethylsuccinate and erythromycin base did not provide evidence of tumorigenicity. Mutagenicity studies have not been conducted. There was no apparent effect on male or female fertility in rats fed erythromycin (base) at levels up to 0.25% of diet.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects
Labor and Delivery
The effect of erythromycin on labor and delivery is unknown.
Nursing Mothers
Erythromycin is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when erythromycin is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric Use
See INDICATIONS AND USAGE and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION sections.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
The most frequent side effects of oral erythromycin preparations are gastrointestinal and are dose-related. They include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and anorexia. Symptoms of hepatitis, hepatic dysfunction and/or abnormal liver function test results may occur. (See WARNINGS.)
Onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after antibiotic treatment. (See WARNINGS.)
Erythromycin has been associated with QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia and torsades de pointes.
Allergic reactions ranging from urticaria to anaphylaxis have occurred. Skin reactions ranging from mild eruptions to erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported rarely.
There have been rare reports of pancreatitis and convulsions.
There have been isolated reports of reversible hearing loss occurring chiefly in patients with renal insufficiency and in patients receiving high doses of erythromycin.
OVERDOSAGE
In case of overdosage, erythromycin should be discontinued. Overdosage should be handled with the prompt elimination of unabsorbed drug and all other appropriate measures should be instituted.
Erythromycin is not removed by peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate suspensions may be administered without regard to meals.
Children
Age, weight and severity of the infection are important factors in determining the proper dosage. In mild to moderate infections the usual dosage of erythromycin ethylsuccinate for children is 30 to 50 mg/kg/day in equally divided doses every 6 hours. For more severe infections this dosage may be doubled. If twice-a-day dosage is desired, one-half of the total daily dose may be given every 12 hours. Doses may also be given three times daily by administering one-third of the total daily dose every 8 hours.
Adults
400 mg erythromycin ethylsuccinate every 6 hours is the usual dose. Dosage may be increased up to 4 g per day according to the severity of the infection. If twice-a-day dosage is desired, one-half of the total daily dose may be given every 12 hours. Doses may also be given three times daily by administering one-third of the total daily dose every 8 hours.
For adult dosage calculation, use a ratio of 400 mg of erythromycin activity as the ethylsuccinate to 250 mg of erythromycin activity as the stearate, base or estolate.
For Treatment of Urethritis Due to C. trachomatis or U. urealyticum
800 mg three times a day for 7 days.
For Treatment of Primary Syphilis
For Intestinal Amebiasis
For Use in Pertussis
Although optimal dosage and duration have not been established, doses of erythromycin utilized in reported clinical studies were 40 to 50 mg/kg/day, given in divided doses for 5 to 14 days.
For Treatment of Legionnaires' Disease
Although optimal doses have not been established, doses utilized in reported clinical data were those recommended above (1.6 to 4 g daily in divided doses.)
HOW SUPPLIED
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate oral suspension, USP, 400 mg erythromycin activity per teaspoonful (5 mL) is supplied in 1 pint (473 mL) bottles (NDC 0074-3748-16).
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate oral suspension, USP, 200 mg erythromycin activity per teaspoonful (5 mL) is supplied in 1 pint (473 mL) bottles (NDC 0074-3747-16).
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate oral suspensions require refrigeration to preserve taste until dispensed. Refrigeration by patient is not required if used within 14 days.
REFERENCES
•National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically, Third Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M7-A3, Vol. 13, No. 25. NCCLS, Villanova, PA, December 1993.
•National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests, Fifth Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M2-A5, Vol. 13, No. 24. NCCLS, Villanova, PA, December 1993.
•Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the American Heart Association: Prevention of Rheumatic Fever. Circulation. 78(4):1082-1086, October 1988.
•Honein, M.A., et. al.: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis after pertussis prophylaxis with erythromycin: a case review and cohort study. The Lancet 1999; 354 (9196): 2101-5.
Abbott Laboratories
North Chicago, IL 60064, U.S.A.