|
DuoTrav Eye drops, solution
DuoTrav™ Eye drops, solution
SCHEDULING STATUS:
S4
PROPRIETARY NAME
(and dosage form):
DuoTrav™ Eye drops, solution
COMPOSITION
1mL of solution contains 40micrograms travoprost and 6,83mg timolol maleate equivalent to 5mg timolol, preserved with 0,015% (m/v) benzalkonium chloride.
Excipients: mannitol, trometamol, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil40, boric acid, disodium edetate, hydrochloric acid (to adjust pH) and purified water.
PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
A.15.4 Ophthalmic preparations, other.
ATC code: S01ED51
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION
Pharmacodynamic properties
DuoTrav™ contains two active components: travoprost and timolol maleate. These two components lower intraocular pressure by complementary mechanisms of action and the combined effect results in additional IOP reduction compared to either compound alone.
Travoprost, a prostaglandin F2alpha analogue, is a full agonist which is highly selective and has a high affinity for the prostaglandin FP receptor, and reduces the intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humour via trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral pathways. Reduction of IOP in man starts within approximately 2hours after administration and maximum effect is reached after 12hours. Significant lowering of intraocular pressure can be maintained for periods exceeding 24hours with a single dose.
Timolol is a non-selective adrenergic blocking agent that has no intrinsic sympathomimetic, direct myocardial depressant or membrane-stabilising activity. Tonography and fluorophotometry studies in man suggest that its predominant action is related to reduced aqueous humour formation and a slight increase in outflow facility.
Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Travoprost and timolol are absorbed through the cornea. Travoprost is a prodrug that undergoes rapid ester hydrolysis in the cornea to the active free acid.
Following once-daily administration of DuoTrav in healthy subjects (N = 15) for 3days, travoprost free acid was not quantifiable in plasma samples from the majority of subjects (80%) and was not detectable in any samples one hour after dosing. When measurable (>0,01ng/mL, the assay limit of quantitation), concentrations ranged from 0,011 to 0,020ng/mL. The mean timolol steady-state Cmax was 0,692ng/mL and Tmax was approximately 1hour after once-daily administration of DuoTrav.
Distribution:
Travoprost free acid can be measured in the aqueous humour during the first few hours in animals and in human plasma only during the first hour after ocular administration of DuoTrav.
Timolol can be measured in human aqueous humour after ocular administration of timolol and in plasma for up to 12hours after ocular administration of DuoTrav.
Metabolism
Metabolism is the major route of elimination of both travoprost and the active free acid. The systemic metabolic pathways parallel those of endogenous prostaglandin F2alpha which are characterised by reduction of the 13-14double bond, oxidation of the 15-hydroxyl and beta-oxidative cleavages of the upper side chain.
Timolol is metabolised by two pathways. One route yields an ethanolamine side chain on the thiadiazole ring and the other giving an ethanolic side chain on the morpholine nitrogen and a second similar side chain with a carbonyl group adjacent to the nitrogen. The plasma t1/2 of timolol is 4hours after ocular administration of DuoTrav.
Excretion
Travoprost free acid and its metabolites are mainly excreted by the kidneys. Less than 2% of an ocular dose of travoprost was recovered in urine as free acid.
Timolol and its metabolites are primarily excreted by the kidneys. Approximately 20% of a timolol dose is excreted in the urine unchanged and the remainder excreted in urine as metabolites.
INDICATIONS
Decrease of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma for whom treatment with either travoprost or timolol given alone provides insufficient IOP reduction.
CONTRA-INDICATIONS
Hypersensitivity to travoprost, timolol, or to any of the excipients. Patients with bronchial asthma, a history of bronchial asthma, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sinus, bradycardia, second or third degree atrioventricular block, overt cardiac failure, or cardiogenic shock.
WARNINGS
Systemic effects
DuoTrav is absorbed systemically. Due to the beta-adrenergic component, timolol, the same types of cardiovascular and pulmonary adverse reactions as seen with systemic beta adrenergic blocking agents may occur. Cardiac failure should be adequately controlled before beginning therapy with timolol. Patients with a history of severe cardiac disease should be observed for signs of cardiac failure and have their pulse rates checked. Respiratory reactions and cardiac reactions, including death due to bronchospasm in patients with asthma and, rarely, death in association with cardiac failures, have been reported following administration of timolol maleate. DuoTrav should be administered with caution in patients subject to spontaneous hypoglycaemia or to diabetic patients (especially those with labile diabetes) as beta adrenergic blocking agents may mask the signs and symptoms of, and the response to hypoglycaemia. It may also mask the signs of hyperthyroidism and cause worsening of Prinzmetal angina, peripheral and central circulatory disorders and hypotension.
Anaphylactic reactions
While taking DuoTrav, patients with a history of atopy or a history of severe anaphylactic reaction to a variety of allergens may be unresponsive to the usual doses of adrenaline used to treat anaphylactic reactions.
Concomitant therapy
Timolol may interact with other drugs. The effect on intraocular pressure or the known effects of systemic beta-blockade may be potentiated when DuoTrav is given to patients already receiving an oral beta-blocking agent. The use of two local beta adrenergic blocking agents or two local prostaglandins is not recommended.
Ocular effects
Travoprost may gradually change the eye colour by increasing the number of melanosomes (pigment granules) in melanocytes. Before treatment is instituted, patients must be informed of the possibility of a permanent change in eye colour. Unilateral treatment can result in permanent heterochromia. The long term effects on the melanocytes and any consequences thereof are currently unknown. The change in iris colour occurs slowly and may not be noticeable for months to years. The change in eye colour has predominantly been seen in patients with mixed coloured irides, i.e., blue-brown, grey-brown, yellow-brown and green-brown; however, it has also been observed in patients with brown eyes. Typically, the brown pigmentation around the pupil spreads concentrically towards the periphery in affected eyes, but the entire iris or parts of it may become more brownish. After discontinuation of therapy, no further increase in brown iris pigment has been observed.
In controlled clinical trials, periorbital and/or eyelid skin darkening in association with the use of Travoprost has been reported.
Travoprost may gradually change eyelashes in the treated eye(s); these changes were observed in about half of the patients in clinical trials and include: increased length, thickness, pigmentation, and/or number of lashes. The mechanism of eyelash changes and their long term consequences are currently unknown.
Travoprost has been shown to cause slight enlargement of the palpebral fissure in studies in the monkey. However, this effect was not observed during the clinical trials and is considered to be species specific.
There is no experience of DuoTrav in inflammatory ocular conditions; nor in neovascular, angle-closure, narrow-angle or congenital glaucoma and only limited experience in thyroid eye disease, in open-angle glaucoma of pseudophakic patients and in pigmentary or pseudoexfoliative glaucoma.
Caution is recommended when using DuoTrav in aphakic patients, pseudophakic patients with a torn posterior lens capsule or anterior chamber lenses, or in patients with known risk factors for cystoid macular oedema.
In patients with known predisposing risk factors for iritis/uveitis, DuoTrav can be used with caution.
Benzalkonium chloride, which is commonly used as a preservative in ophthalmic products, has been reported to cause punctate keratopathy and/or toxic ulcerative keratopathy. Since DuoTrav contains benzalkonium chloride, close monitoring is required with frequent or prolonged use in dry eye patients, or in conditions where the cornea is compromised.
Benzalkonium chloride may cause irritation and is known to discolour soft contact lenses. Therefore, patients must remove contact lenses prior to application of DuoTrav and be instructed to wait 15 minutes after instillation of DuoTrav before inserting contact lenses.
Interactions
Interactions of DuoTrav with other medications have not been specifically eva luated.
There is a potential for additive effects results in hypotension and/or marked bradycardia when eye drops with timolol are administered concomitantly with oral calcium channel blockers, guanethidine or beta-blocking agents, antiarrhythmics, digitalis glycosides or parasympathomimetics.
The hypertensive reaction to sudden withdrawal of clonidine can be potentiated when taking beta-blockers.
Beta-blockers may increase the hypoglycaemic effect of antidiabetic agents. Beta-blockers can mask the signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia (see WARNINGS).
Pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
There are no adequate data from the use of DuoTrav in pregnant women. Animal studies with travoprost have shown reproductive toxicity. DuoTrav should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary.
Women of child-bearing potential
DuoTrav must not be used in women who may become pregnant unless adequate contraceptive measures are in place.
Breast-feeding women
Timolol is excreted in breast milk. The use of DuoTrav by breast-feeding mothers is not recommended.
Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Temporary blurred vision or other visual disturbances may affect the ability to drive or use machines. If blurred vision occurs at instillation, the patient must wait until the vision clears before driving or using machinery.
DOSAGE AND DIRECTIONS FOR USE
For ocular use.
Posology
Use in adults, including the elderly
The dose is one drop of DuoTrav in the conjunctival sac of the affected eye(s) once daily, in the morning or in the evening. DuoTrav should be taken at the same time each day.
Nasolacrimal occlusion or gently closing the eyelid after administration is recommended. This may reduce the systemic absorption of DuoTrav administered via the ocular route and result in a decrease in systemic side effects.
If more than one topical ophthalmic medicinal product is being used, the medicines must be administered at least 5 minutes apart (see Interaction with other medicinal products).
If a dose is missed, treatment should continue with the next dose as planned. The dose should not exceed one drop in the affected eye(s) daily.
When substituting another ophthalmic antiglaucoma agent with DuoTrav, discontinue the other agent and start the following day with DuoTrav.
Use in children and adolescents
The efficacy and safety of DuoTrav in patients below the age of 18 years have not been established and its use is not recommended in these patients until further data become available.
Use in hepatic and renal impairment
No studies have been conducted with DuoTrav or with timolol 5mg/mL eye drops in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.
Travoprost has been studied in patients with mild to severe hepatic impairment and in patients with mild to severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance as low as 14mL/min). No dosage adjustment was necessary in these patients.
Method of administration
The patient should remove the protective over wrap immediately prior to initial use. To prevent contamination of the dropper tip and solution, care must be taken not to touch the eyelids, surrounding areas or other surfaces with the dropper tip of the bottle.
SIDE-EFFECTS AND SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
Undesirable effects
In clinical studies involving 721patients, DuoTrav was administered once-daily. No serious ophthalmic or systemic undesirable effects related to DuoTrav were reported. The most frequently reported treatment-related undesirable effect was ocular hyperaemia (15,4%). Almost all patients (98%) who experienced ocular hyperaemia did not discontinue therapy as a result of this event.
The following additional undesirable effects were assessed to be treatment-related and are classified as either common (>1% to <10%) or uncommon (>0,1% to <1%).
Psychiatric disorders:
Uncommon: nervousness
Nervous system disorders:
Uncommon: headache, dizziness
Eye disorders:
Common: eye irritation, eye pruritus, abnormal sensation in eye, dry eye, growth of eyelashes, eye pain, photophobia, vision blurred, punctate keratitis.
Uncommon: anterior chamber cells, anterior chamber flare, erythema of eyelid, eyelids pruritus, corneal staining, dermatitis eyelid, eye swelling, periorbital disorder, ocular discomfort, asthenopia, blepharitis, eyelid oedema, visual acuity reduced, conjunctivitis allergic, conjunctival haemorrhage, conjunctival oedema, eye allergy, eyelid irritation, eyelid pain, lacrimation increased, visual disturbance, xerophthalmia.
Vascular disorders:
Uncommon: hypertension
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders:
Uncommon: bronchospasm, cough, dyspnoea, postnasal drip, throat irritation.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:
Uncommon: skin hyperpigmentation, dermatitis contact, distichiasis, hypertrichosis, urticaria
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders:
Uncommon: pain in extremity
Renal and urinary disorders:
Uncommon: chromaturia
General disorders and administrative site conditions:
Uncommon: thirst
Investigations:
Uncommon: alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, blood pressure increased, blood pressure diastolic decreased, blood pressure diastolic increased, heart rate decreased, heart rate irregular, intraocular pressure decreased.
In post-market, a few case reports of iritis/uveitis associated with the use of travoprost have been published. These cases occurred a few days after travoprost use in patients without a history of iritis/uveitis. All of these cases resolved after stopping travoprost with or without corticosteroid treatment.
KNOWN SYMPTOMS OF OVERDOSAGE AND PARTICULARS OF ITS TREATMENT
If overdosage with DuoTrav occurs, treatment should be symptomatic.
IDENTIFICATION
Clear, colourless solution.
PRESENTATION
White 4mL bottle with colourless dispensing plug and white screw cap, all polypropylene.
STORAGE INSTRUCTIONS
Do not store above 25ºC.
DISCARD FOUR WEEKS AFTER FIRST OPENING.
KEEP OUT OF REACH AND SIGHT OF CHILDREN.
REGISTRATION NUMBER
40/15.4/0511
NAME AND BUSINESS ADDRESS OF THE APPLICANT
Alcon Laboratories (SA) (Pty) Ltd
65 Peter Place,
Bryanston Ext 13,
2191
DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THIS PACKAGE INSERT:
26 May 2006
Rev. 0207
New addition to this site: March 2010
Source: Pharmaceutical Industry |
|
