2.1 Recommended Dose

The recommended starting dose of LONSURF is 35 mg/m2 up to a maximum of 80 mg per dose (based on the trifluridine component) orally twice daily within one hour of completion of morning and evening meals on Days 1 through 5 and Days 8 through 12 of each 28-day cycle until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Round dose to the nearest 5 mg increment.

Do not take additional doses to make up for missed or held doses.

LONSURF is a cytotoxic drug. Follow applicable special handling and disposal procedures.1

2.2 Dose Modifications

Obtain complete blood cell counts prior to and on Day 15 of each cycle.

Do no initiate the cycle of LONSURF until:

• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is greater than or equal to 1,500/mm3 or febrile neutropenia is resolved
• Platelets are greater than or equal to 75,000/mm3
• Grade 3 or 4 non-hematological adverse reactions are resolved to Grade 0 or 1

Within a treatment cycle, withhold LONSURF for any of the following:

• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) less than 500/mm3 or febrile neutropenia
• Platelets less than 50,000/mm3
• Grade 3 or 4 non-hematological adverse reactions

After recovery, resume LONSURF after reducing the dose by 5 mg/m2/dose from the previous dose level, if the following occur:

• Febrile neutropenia
• Uncomplicated Grade 4 neutropenia (which has recovered to greater than or equal to 1,500/mm3) or thrombocytopenia (which has recovered to greater than or equal to 75,000/mm3) that results in more than 1 week delay in start of next cycle
• Non-hematologic Grade 3 or Grade 4 adverse reaction except for Grade 3 nausea and/or vomiting controlled by antiemetic therapy or Grade 3 diarrhea responsive to antidiarrheal medication

A maximum of 3 dose reductions are permitted to a minimum dose of 20 mg/m2 twice daily. Do not escalate LONSURF dose after it has been reduced.

5.1 Severe Myelosuppression

In Study 1, LONSURF caused severe and life-threatening myelosuppression (Grade 3-4) consisting of anemia (18%), neutropenia (38%), thrombocytopenia (5%) and febrile neutropenia (3.8%). One patient (0.2%) died due to neutropenic infection. In Study 1, 9.4% of LONSURF-treated patients received granulocyte-colony stimulating factors.

Obtain complete blood counts prior to and on Day 15 of each cycle of LONSURF and more frequently as clinically indicated. Withhold LONSURF for febrile neutropenia, Grade 4 neutropenia, or platelets less than 50,000/mm3. Upon recovery resume LONSURF at a reduced dose. [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)]

5.2 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity

Based on animal studies and its mechanism of action, LONSURF can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Trifluridine/tipiracil caused embryo-fetal lethality and embryo-fetal toxicity in pregnant rats when orally administered during gestation at dose levels resulting in exposures lower than those achieved at the recommended dose of 35 mg/m2 twice daily.

Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to the fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with LONSURF. [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3), Clinical Pharmacology (12.1)]

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

The data described below are from Study 1, a randomized (2:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which 533 patients (median age 63 years; 61% men; 57% White, 35% Asian, 1% Black) with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer received LONSURF as a single agent at a dose of 35 mg/m2/dose administered twice daily on Days 1 through 5 and Days 8 through 12 of each 28-day cycle. The mean duration of LONSURF therapy was 12.7 weeks.

The most common adverse drug reactions or laboratory abnormalities (all Grades and greater than or equal to 10% in incidence) in patients treated with LONSURF at a rate that exceeds the rate in patients receiving placebo were anemia, neutropenia, asthenia/fatigue, nausea, thrombocytopenia, decreased appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and pyrexia.

In Study 1, 3.6% of patients discontinued LONSURF for an adverse event and 13.7% of patients required a dose reduction. The most common adverse reactions leading to dose reduction were neutropenia, anemia, febrile neutropenia, fatigue, and diarrhea.

In Study 1, infections occurred more frequently in LONSURF-treated patients (27%) compared to those receiving placebo (15%). The most commonly reported infections which occurred more frequently in LONSURF-treated patients were nasopharyngitis (4% versus 2%), and urinary tract infections (4% versus 2%).

In Study 1, pulmonary emboli occurred more frequently in LONSURF-treatment patients (2%) compared to no patients on placebo.

Additional Clinical Experience

Interstitial lung disease was reported in fifteen (0.2%) patients, three of which were fatal, among approximately 7,000 patients exposed to LONSURF in clinical studies and clinical practice settings in Asia.

8.1 Pregnancy

Risk Summary

Based on animal data and its mechanism of action, LONSURF can cause fetal harm. LONSURF caused embryo-fetal lethality and embryo-fetal toxicity in pregnant rats when given during gestation at doses resulting in exposures lower than or similar to exposures at the recommended dose in humans. [see Data] There are no available data on LONSURF exposure in pregnant women. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus.

In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.

Data

Animal Data

Trifluridine/tipiracil was administered orally once daily to female rats during organogenesis at dose levels of 15, 50, and 150 mg/kg [trifluridine (FTD) equivalent]. Decrease fetal weight was observed at FTD doses greater than or equal to 50 mg/kg (approximately 0.33 times the exposure at the clinical dose of 35 mg/m2 twice daily). At the FTD dose of 150 mg/kg (approximately 0.92 times the FTD exposure at the clinical dose of 35 mg/m2 twice daily) embryolethality and structural anomalies (kinked tail, cleft palate, ectrodactyly, anasarca, alterations in great vessels, and skeletal anomalies) were observed.

8.2 Lactation

Risk Summary

It is not known whether LONSURF or its metabolites are present in human milk. In nursing rats, trifluridine and tipiracil or their metabolites were present in breast milk. There are no data to assess the effects of LONSURF or its metabolites on the breastfed infant or the effects on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfeeding infants, advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with LONSURF and for one day following the final dose.

Data

Radioactivity was excreted in the milk of nursing rats dosed with trifluridine/tipiracil containing 14C-FTD or 14C-tipiracil (TPI). Levels of FTD-derived radioactivity were as high as approximately 50% of the exposure in maternal plasma an hour after dosing with trifluridine/tipiracil and were approximately the same as those in maternal plasma for up to 12 hours following dosing. Exposure to TPI-derived radioactivity was higher in milk than in maternal plasma beginning 2 hours after dosing and continuing for at least 12 hours following administration of trifuridine/tipiracil.

8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

Contraception

Females

LONSURF can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)]

Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment.

Males

Because of the potential for genotoxicity, advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use condoms during treatment with LONSURF and for a at least 3 months after the final dose. [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)]

8.4 Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness of LONSURF in pediatric patients have not been established.

Animal Data

Dental toxicity including whitening, breakage, and malocclusion (degeneration and disarrangement in the ameloblasts, papillary layer cells and odontoblasts) were observed in rats treated with trifluridine/tipiracil at doses greater than or equal to 50 mg/kg (approximately 0.33 times the exposure at the clinical dose of 35 mg/m2 twice daily).

8.5 Geriatric Use

In Study 1, 533 patients received LONSURF; 44% were 65 years of age or over, while 7% were 75 and over. No overall differences in effectiveness were observed in patients 65 or older versus younger patients, and no adjustment is recommended for the starting dose of LONSURF based on age.

Patients 65 years of age or older who received LONSURF had a higher incidence of the following compared to patients younger than 65 years: Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia (48% vs 30%), Grade 3 anemia (26% vs 12%, and Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia (9% vs 2%).

8.6 Hepatic Impairment

No dedicated clinical studies have been conducted to eva luate the effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of LONSURF. No dose adjustment is recommended for patients with mild hepatic impairment (total bilirubin (TB) less than or equal to the upper limit of normal (ULN) and AST greater than ULN or TB less than 1 to 1.5 times ULN and any AST). Patients with moderate (TB greater than 1.5 to 3 times ULN and any AST) or severe (TB greater than 3 times ULN and any AST) hepatic impairment were not enrolled in Study 1. [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]

8.7 Renal Impairment

No dedicated clinical studies have been conducted to eva luate the effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of LONSURF.

In Study 1, patients with moderate renal impairment (CLcr = 30 to 59 mL/min, n= 47) had a higher incidence (difference of at least 5%) of ≥ Grade 3 adverse events, serious adverse events, and dose delays and reductions compared to patients with normal renal function (CLcr ≥ 90 mL/min, n= 306) or patients with mild renal impairment (CLcr = 60 to 89 mL/min, n= 178).

No dose adjustment to the starting dose of LONSURF is recommended in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment (CLcr of 30 to 89 mL/min); however patients with moderate renal impairment may require dose modification for increased toxicity. No patients with severe renal impairment (CLcr < 30 mL/min) were enrolled in Study 1. [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]

8.8 Ethnicity

There were no clinically meaningful differences in Study 1 between Western and Asian subgroups with respect to overall incidence of adverse events or ≥ Grade 3 adverse events in either the LONSURF or placebo groups.