QUDEXY XR (topiramate) capsule, extended release
[Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc.]
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use QUDEXY™ XR safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for QUDEXY XR.
QUDEXY XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules, for oral use
Initial U.S. Approval: 1996
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
QUDEXY XR is an antiepileptic drug indicated for:
Partial Onset Seizures and Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures - initial monotherapy in patients 10 years of age and older with partial onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures and adjunctive therapy in patients 2 years of age and older with partial onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (1.1)
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) - adjunctive therapy in patients 2 years of age and older with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (1.2)
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Initial Dose Titration Recommended Dose
Monotherapy: Partial Onset or Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
Adults and pediatric patients 10 years and older (2.1) 50 mg orally once daily Increase dose weekly by increments of 50 mg for first 4 weeks then 100 mg for weeks 5 to 6 400 mg once daily
Adjunctive Therapy
Adults with partial onset seizures or LGS (2.2) 25 mg to 50 mg orally once daily Increase dose weekly by increments of 25 mg to 50 mg to achieve an effective dose 200 mg to 400 mg once daily
Adults with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (2.2) 25 mg to 50 mg orally once daily Increase dose weekly to an effective dose by increments of 25 mg to 50 mg 400 mg once daily
Pediatric patients 2 years and older with partial onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures or LGS (2.2) 25 mg once at night-time (based on a range of 1 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg once daily) for first week Increase dosage at 1 or 2 week intervals by increments of 1 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg. Dose titration should be guided by clinical outcome 5 mg/kg to 9 mg/kg once daily
Capsules may be swallowed whole or opened and sprinkled on a spoonful of soft food (2.8
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Extended-release capsules: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg (3)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
In patients with metabolic acidosis taking concomitant metformin (4) (5.4)
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
Acute myopia and secondary angle closure glaucoma: Untreated elevated intraocular pressure can lead to permanent visual loss. Discontinue QUDEXY XR if it occurs (5.1)
Visual field defects: These have been reported independent of elevated intraocular pressure. Consider discontinuation of QUDEXY XR (5.2)
Oligohydrosis and hyperthermia: Monitor decreased sweating and increased body temperature, especially in pediatric patients (5.3)
Metabolic acidosis: Measure baseline and periodic measurement of serum bicarbonate. Consider dose reduction or discontinuation of QUDEXY XR if clinically appropriate (5.4)
Suicidal behavior and ideation: Antiepileptic drugs increase the risk of suicidal behavior or ideation (5.5)
Cognitive/neuropsychiatric: QUDEXY XR may cause cognitive dysfunction. Use caution when operating machinery including automobiles. Depression and mood problems may occur (5.6)
Fetal toxicity: Topiramate use during pregnancy can cause cleft lip and/or palate (5.7)
Withdrawal of AEDs: Withdrawal of QUDEXY XR should be done gradually (5.8)
Hyperammonemia and encephalopathy: Patients with inborn errors of metabolism or reduced mitochondrial activity may have an increased risk of hyperammonemia. Measure ammonia if encephalopathic symptoms occur (5.9)
Kidney stones: Avoid use with other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, other drugs causing metabolic acidosis, or in patients on a ketogenic diet (5.10)
Hypothermia: Reported with concomitant valproic acid use (5.11)
ADVERSE REACTIONS
The most common (≥ 5% more frequent than placebo or low-dose topiramate in monotherapy) adverse reactions in a controlled, clinical trial of immediate release topiramate were paresthesia, anorexia, weight decrease, fatigue, dizziness, somnolence, nervousness, psychomotor slowing, difficulty with memory, difficulty with concentration/attention, cognitive problem, confusion, mood problems, fever, infection, and flushing (6.1)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc. at 1-855-899-9180 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Oral contraceptives: Decreased contraceptive efficacy and increased breakthrough bleeding, especially at doses greater than 200 mg per day (7.1)
Phenytoin or carbamazepine: Concomitant administration with topiramate decreased plasma concentrations of topiramate (7.2)
Other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Monitor for the appearance or worsening of metabolic acidosis (7.4)
Lithium: Monitor lithium levels when co-administered with high-dose topiramate (7.6)
USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
Renal Impairment: (creatinine clearance less than 70 mL/min/1.73m2), one-half of the adult dose is recommended (2.3) (8.7)
Patients undergoing hemodialysis: Topiramate is cleared by hemodialysis. Dosage adjustment is necessary to avoid rapid drops in topiramate plasma concentration during hemodialysis (2.4) (8.8)
Pregnancy: Increased risk of cleft lip and/or palate. Pregnancy registry available (8.1)
Nursing mothers: Caution should be exercised when administered to a nursing mother (8.3)
Geriatric use: Dosage adjustment may be necessary for elderly with impaired renal function (8.5)
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION and Medication Guide.
Revised: 3/2014
Back to Highlights and Tabs
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
1.1 Partial Onset Seizures and Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
1.2 Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Monotherapy Use
2.2 Adjunctive Therapy Use
2.3 Dose Modifications in Patients with Renal Impairment
2.4 Dosage Modifications in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
2.5 Laboratory Testing Prior to Treatment Initiation
2.6 Dosing Modifications in Patients Taking Phenytoin and/or Carbamazepine
2.7 Monitoring for Therapeutic Blood Levels
2.8 Administration Instructions
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Acute Myopia and Secondary Angle Closure Glaucoma
5.2 Visual Field Defects
5.3 Oligohydrosis and Hyperthermia
5.4 Metabolic Acidosis
5.5 Suicidal Behavior and Ideation
5.6 Cognitive/Neuropsychiatric Adverse Reactions
5.7 Fetal Toxicity
5.8 Withdrawal of Antiepileptic Drugs
5.9 Hyperammonemia and Encephalopathy
5.10 Kidney Stones
5.11 Hypothermia with Concomitant Valproic Acid Use
5.12 Paresthesia
5.13 Interaction with Other CNS Depressants
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience with Immediate-Release Topiramate
6.2 Clinical Trials Experience with QUDEXY XR
6.3 Postmarketing Experience
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1 Oral Contraceptives
7.2 Antiepileptic Drugs
7.3 CNS Depressants and Alcohol
7.4 Other Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
7.5 Metformin
7.6 Lithium
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
8.2 Labor and Delivery
8.3 Nursing Mothers
8.4 Pediatric Use
8.5 Geriatric Use
8.6 Race and Gender Effects
8.7 Renal Impairment
8.8 Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
8.9 Women of Childbearing Potential
9 DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE
9.1 Controlled Substance
9.2 Abuse
9.3 Dependence
10 OVERDOSAGE
11 DESCRIPTION
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
12.6 Relative Bioavailability of QUDEXY XR Compared to Immediate-Release Topiramate in Healthy Volunteers
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
14.1 Extended-Release: Bridging Study to Demonstrate Pharmacokinetic Equivalence between Extended-Release (QUDEXY XR) and Immediate-Release Topiramate Formulations
14.2 Immediate-Release: Monotherapy Treatment in Patients with Partial Onset or Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
14.3 Immediate-Release: Adjunctive Therapy in Patients with Partial Onset Seizures
14.4 Immediate-Release: Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
14.5 Immediate-Release: Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
14.6 Extended-Release: Adjunctive Therapy in Adult Patients with Partial Onset Seizures with QUDEXY XR (Study 11)
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
16.1 QUDEXY XR Capsules
16.2 Storage and Handling
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
*
Sections or subsections omitted from the full prescribing information are not listed.
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
1.1 Partial Onset Seizures and Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
QUDEXY XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules are indicated as initial monotherapy in patients 10 years of age and older with partial onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures and adjunctive therapy in patients 2 years of age and older with partial onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures [see Clinical Studies (14.2, 14.3 and 14.4)]. Safety and effectiveness in patients who were converted to monotherapy from a previous regimen of other anticonvulsant drugs have not been established in controlled trials [see Clinical Studies (14.2)].
1.2 Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
QUDEXY XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules are indicated as adjunctive therapy in patients 2 years of age and older with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome [see Clinical Studies (14.5)].
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Monotherapy Use
Adults and Pediatric Patients 10 Years and Older with Partial Onset or Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
The recommended dose for topiramate monotherapy in adults and pediatric patients 10 years of age and older is 400 mg orally once daily. Titrate QUDEXY XR according to the following schedule:
Week 1 50 mg once daily
Week 2 100 mg once daily
Week 3 150 mg once daily
Week 4 200 mg once daily
Week 5 300 mg once daily
Week 6 400 mg once daily
2.2 Adjunctive Therapy Use
Adults (17 Years of Age and Older) - Partial Onset Seizures, Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
The recommended total daily dose of QUDEXY XR as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial onset seizures or Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is 200 mg to 400 mg orally once daily. The recommended total dose for adults with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures is 400 mg orally once daily.
Initiate therapy at 25 mg to 50 mg once daily followed by titration to an effective dose in increments of 25 mg to 50 mg every week. Daily topiramate doses above 1,600 mg have not been studied.
In the study of primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures using topiramate, the assigned dose was reached at the end of 8 weeks [see Clinical Studies (14.4)].
Pediatric Patients (Ages 2 Years to 16 Years) - Partial Onset Seizures, Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
The recommended total daily dose of QUDEXY XR as adjunctive therapy for pediatric patients with partial onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is approximately 5 mg/kg to 9 mg/kg orally once daily. Begin titration at 25 mg once daily (based on a range of 1 mg/kg/day to 3 mg/kg/day) given nightly for the first week. Subsequently, increase the dosage at 1 or 2 week intervals by increments of 1 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg to achieve optimal clinical response. Dose titration should be guided by clinical outcome. If required, longer intervals between dose adjustments can be used.
In the study of primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, the assigned dose of 6 mg/kg once daily was reached at the end of 8 weeks [see Clinical Studies (14.3, 14.4 and 14.5)].
2.3 Dose Modifications in Patients with Renal Impairment
In patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 70 mL/min/1.73 m2), one-half of the usual adult dose is recommended. Such patients will require a longer time to reach steady-state at each dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Prior to dosing, obtain an estimated creatinine clearance (CrCl) in patients at high risk for renal insufficiency (e.g., older patients, or those with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or autoimmune disease). CrCl can be estimated using the following equation (multiply by 0.85 for women):
CrCl = (140 – age) × weight(kg)
SerumCr(mg / dl) × 72
2.4 Dosage Modifications in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Topiramate is cleared by hemodialysis at a rate that is 4 to 6 times greater than in patients with normal renal function. Accordingly, a prolonged period of dialysis may cause topiramate concentration to fall below that required to maintain an anti-seizure effect. To avoid rapid drops in topiramate plasma concentration during hemodialysis, a supplemental dose of topiramate may be required. The actual adjustment should take into account the:
duration of dialysis period
clearance rate of the dialysis system being used
effective renal clearance of topiramate in the patient being dialyzed [see Use in Specific Populations (8.8) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
2.5 Laboratory Testing Prior to Treatment Initiation
Measurement of baseline and periodic serum bicarbonate during QUDEXY XR treatment is recommended [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
2.6 Dosing Modifications in Patients Taking Phenytoin and/or Carbamazepine
The co-administration of QUDEXY XR with phenytoin may require an adjustment of the dose of phenytoin to achieve optimal clinical outcome. Addition or withdrawal of phenytoin and/or carbamazepine during adjunctive therapy with QUDEXY XR may require adjustment of the dose of QUDEXY XR [see Drug Interactions (7.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
2.7 Monitoring for Therapeutic Blood Levels
It is not necessary to monitor topiramate plasma concentrations to optimize QUDEXY XR therapy.
2.8 Administration Instructions
QUDEXY XR capsules may be swallowed whole or may be administered by carefully opening the capsule and sprinkling the entire contents on a small amount (teaspoon) of soft food. This drug/food mixture should be swallowed immediately and not chewed or crushed. Do not store drug/food mixture for further use. QUDEXY XR can be taken without regard to meals [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
QUDEXY XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules are available in the following strengths and colors:
25 mg: light pink and grey capsules, printed with "UPSHER-SMITH" on the cap in black ink and "25 mg" on the body in black ink
50 mg: golden yellow and grey capsules, printed with "UPSHER-SMITH" on the cap in black ink and "50 mg" on the body in black ink
100 mg: reddish brown and grey capsules, printed with "UPSHER-SMITH" on the cap in black ink and "100 mg" on the body in black ink
150 mg: pale yellow and grey capsules, printed with "UPSHER-SMITH" on the cap in black ink and "150 mg" on the body in black ink
200 mg: brown and grey capsules, printed with "UPSHER-SMITH" on the cap in white ink and "200 mg" on the body in black ink
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
QUDEXY XR is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis who are taking concomitant metformin [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Drug Interactions (7.5) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Acute Myopia and Secondary Angle Closure Glaucoma
A syndrome consisting of acute myopia associated with secondary angle closure glaucoma has been reported in patients receiving topiramate. Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity and/or ocular pain. Ophthalmologic findings can include myopia, anterior chamber shallowing, ocular hyperemia (redness) and increased intraocular pressure. Mydriasis may or may not be present. This syndrome may be associated with supraciliary effusion resulting in anterior displacement of the lens and iris, with secondary angle closure glaucoma. Symptoms typically occur within 1 month of initiating topiramate therapy. In contrast to primary narrow angle glaucoma, which is rare under 40 years of age, secondary angle closure glaucoma associated with topiramate has been reported in pediatric patients as well as adults. The primary treatment to reverse symptoms is discontinuation of QUDEXY XR as rapidly as possible, according to the judgment of the treating physician. Other measures, in conjunction with discontinuation of QUDEXY XR, may be helpful.
Elevated intraocular pressure of any etiology, if left untreated, can lead to serious sequelae including permanent vision loss.
5.2 Visual Field Defects
Visual field defects have been reported in patients receiving topiramate independent of elevated intraocular pressure. In clinical trials, most of these events were reversible after topiramate discontinuation. If visual problems occur at any time during topiramate treatment, consideration should be given to discontinuing the drug.
5.3 Oligohydrosis and Hyperthermia
Oligohydrosis (decreased sweating), resulting in hospitalization in some cases, has been reported in association with topiramate use. Decreased sweating and an elevation in body temperature above normal characterized these cases. Some of the cases were reported after exposure to elevated environmental temperatures.
The majority of the reports have been in pediatric patients. Patients, especially pediatric patients, treated with QUDEXY XR should be monitored closely for evidence of decreased sweating and increased body temperature, especially in hot weather. Caution should be used when QUDEXY XR is prescribed with other drugs that predispose patients to heat-related disorders; these drugs include, but are not limited to, other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and drugs with anticholinergic activity.
5.4 Metabolic Acidosis
Hyperchloremic, non-anion gap, metabolic acidosis (i.e., decreased serum bicarbonate below the normal reference range in the absence of chronic respiratory alkalosis) is associated with topiramate treatment. This metabolic acidosis is caused by renal bicarbonate loss due to the inhibitory effect of topiramate on carbonic anhydrase. Such electrolyte imbalance has been observed with the use of topiramate in placebo-controlled clinical trials and in the post-marketing period. Generally, topiramate-induced metabolic acidosis occurs early in treatment although cases can occur at any time during treatment. Bicarbonate decrements are usually mild-moderate (average decrease of 4 mEq/L at daily doses of 400 mg in adults and at approximately 6 mg/kg/day in pediatric patients); rarely, patients can experience severe decrements to values below 10 mEq/L. Conditions or therapies that predispose patients to acidosis (such as renal disease, severe respiratory disorders, status epilepticus, diarrhea, ketogenic diet or specific drugs) may be additive to the bicarbonate lowering effects of topiramate.
Adults
In adults, the incidence of persistent treatment-emergent decreases in serum bicarbonate (levels of less than 20 mEq/L at two consecutive visits or at the final visit) in controlled clinical trials for adjunctive treatment of epilepsy was 32% for 400 mg per day, and 1% for placebo. Metabolic acidosis has been observed at doses as low as 50 mg per day. The incidence of persistent treatment-emergent decreases in serum bicarbonate in adults in a controlled clinical trial for monotherapy was 15% for 50 mg per day and 25% for 400 mg per day. The incidence of a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value less than 17 mEq/L and greater than 5 mEq/L decrease from pretreatment) in the adjunctive therapy trials was 3% for 400 mg per day, and 0% for placebo and in the monotherapy trial was 1% for 50 mg per day and 7% for 400 mg per day. Serum bicarbonate levels have not been systematically eva luated at daily doses greater than 400 mg per day.
Pediatric Patients (2 years to 16 years of age)
The incidence of persistent treatment-emergent decreases in serum bicarbonate in placebo-controlled trials for adjunctive treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or refractory partial onset seizures in patients age 2 years to 16 years was 67% for topiramate (at approximately 6 mg/kg/day), and 10% for placebo. The incidence of a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value less than 17 mEq/L and greater than 5 mEq/L decrease from pretreatment) in these trials was 11% for topiramate and 0% for placebo. Cases of moderately severe metabolic acidosis have been reported in patients as young as 5 months old, especially at daily doses above 5 mg/kg/day.
In pediatric patients (6 years to 15 years of age), the incidence of persistent treatment-emergent decreases in serum bicarbonate in the epilepsy controlled clinical trial for monotherapy performed with topiramate was 9% for 50 mg per day and 25% for 400 mg per day. The incidence of a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value less than 17 mEq/L and greater than 5 mEq/L decrease from pretreatment) in this trial was 1% for 50 mg per day and 6% for 400 mg per day.
Pediatric Patients (under 2 years of age)
Although QUDEXY XR is not approved for use in patients less than 2 years of age with partial onset seizures, a study of topiramate as adjunctive use in patients under 2 years of age revealed that topiramate produced a metabolic acidosis that is notably greater in magnitude than that observed in controlled trials in older children and adults. The mean treatment difference (25 mg/kg/day topiramate-placebo) was -5.9 mEq/L for bicarbonate. The incidence of metabolic acidosis (defined by a serum bicarbonate less than 20 mEq/L) was 0% for placebo, 30% for 5 mg/kg/day, 50% for 15 mg/kg/day, and 45% for 25 mg/kg/day [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].
Manifestations of Metabolic Acidosis
Some manifestations of acute or chronic metabolic acidosis may include hyperventilation, nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue and anorexia, or more severe sequelae including cardiac arrhythmias or stupor. Chronic, untreated metabolic acidosis may increase the risk for nephrolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis, and may also result in osteomalacia (referred to as rickets in pediatric patients) and/or osteoporosis with an increased risk for fractures. Chronic metabolic acidosis in pediatric patients may also reduce growth rates. A reduction in growth rate may eventually decrease the maximal height achieved. The effect of topiramate on growth and bone-related sequelae has not been systematically investigated in long-term, placebo-controlled trials. Long-term, open-label treatment of infants/toddlers, with intractable partial epilepsy, for up to 1 year, showed reductions from baseline in Z SCORES for length, weight, and head circumference compared to age and sex-matched normative data, although these patients are likely to have different growth rates than normal infants. Reductions in Z SCORES for length and weight were correlated to the degree of acidosis [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Topiramate treatment that causes metabolic acidosis during pregnancy can possibly produce adverse effects on the fetus and might also cause metabolic acidosis in the neonate from possible transfer of topiramate to the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) and Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
Risk Mitigation Strategies
Measurement of baseline and periodic serum bicarbonate during topiramate treatment is recommended. If metabolic acidosis develops and persists, consideration should be given to reducing the dose or discontinuing topiramate (using dose tapering). If the decision is made to continue patients on topiramate in the face of persistent acidosis, alkali treatment should be considered.
5.5 Suicidal Behavior and Ideation
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients treated with any AED, including QUDEXY XR, for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.
Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical trials (mono- and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed that patients randomized to one of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted Relative Risk 1.8, 95% CI:1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks, the estimated incidence rate of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,863 AED-treated patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, representing an increase of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were four suicides in drug-treated patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated patients, but the number is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide.
The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting drug treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed.
The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The risk did not vary substantially by age (5 to 100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed.
Table 1 shows absolute and relative risk by indication for all eva luated AEDs.
Table 1: Risk by Indication for Antiepileptic Drugs in the Pooled Analysis Indication Placebo Patients with Events per 1,000 Patients Drug Patients with Events per 1,000 Patients Relative Risk: Incidence of Events in Drug Patients/ Incidence in Placebo Patients Risk Difference: Additional Drug Patients with Events per 1,000 Patients
Epilepsy 1.0 3.4 3.5 2.4
Psychiatric 5.7 8.5 1.5 2.9
Other 1.0 1.8 1.9 0.9
Total 2.4 4.3 1.8 1.9
The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications.
Anyone considering prescribing QUDEXY XR or any other AED must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, the prescriber needs to consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated.
Patients, their caregivers, and families should be informed that AEDs increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers.
5.6 Cognitive/Neuropsychiatric Adverse Reactions
Adverse reactions most often associated with the use of topiramate, and therefore expected to be associated with the use of QUDEXY XR were related to the central nervous system and were observed in the epilepsy population. In adults, the most frequent of these can be classified into three general categories: 1) Cognitive-related dysfunction (e.g. confusion, psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration/attention, difficulty with memory, speech or language problems, particularly word-finding difficulties), 2) Psychiatric/behavioral disturbances (e.g. depression or mood problems), and 3) Somnolence or fatigue.
Adult Patients
Cognitive Related Dysfunction
The majority of cognitive-related adverse reactions were mild to moderate in severity, and they frequently occurred in isolation. Rapid titration rate and higher initial dose were associated with higher incidences of these reactions. Many of these reactions contributed to withdrawal from treatment [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
In the adjunctive epilepsy controlled trials conducted with topiramate (using rapid titration such as 100 mg per day to 200mg per day weekly increments), the proportion of patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse reactions was 42% for 200mg per day, 41% for 400mg per day, 52% for 600mg per day, 56% for 800 and 1,000 mg per day, and 14% for placebo. These dose-related adverse reactions began with a similar frequency in the titration or in the maintenance phase, although in some patients the events began during titration and persisted into the maintenance phase. Some patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse reactions in the titration phase had a dose-related recurrence of these reactions in the maintenance phase.
In the monotherapy epilepsy controlled trial conducted with topiramate, the proportion of patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse reactions was 19% for topiramate 50mg per day and 26% for 400mg per day.
Psychiatric/Behavioral Disturbances
Psychiatric/behavioral disturbances (depression or mood) were dose-related for the epilepsy population treated with topiramate [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
Somnolence/Fatigue
Somnolence and fatigue were the adverse reactions most frequently reported during clinical trials of topiramate for adjunctive epilepsy. For the adjunctive epilepsy population, the incidence of somnolence did not differ substantially between 200 mg per day and 1,000 mg per day, but the incidence of fatigue was dose-related and increased at dosages above 400 mg per day. For the monotherapy epilepsy population in the 50 mg per day and 400 mg per day groups, the incidence of somnolence was dose-related (9% for the 50 mg per day group and 15% for the 400 mg per day group) and the incidence of fatigue was comparable in both treatment groups (14% each). For other uses not approved for QUDEXY XR, somnolence and fatigue were more common in the titration phase.
Additional nonspecific CNS events commonly observed with topiramate in the adjunctive epilepsy population include dizziness or ataxia.
Pediatric Patients
In double-blind adjunctive therapy and monotherapy epilepsy clinical studies conducted with topiramate, the incidences of cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions in pediatric patients were generally lower than observed in adults. These reactions included psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration/attention, speech disorders/related speech problems and language problems. The most frequently reported neuropsychiatric reactions in pediatric patients during adjunctive therapy double-blind studies were somnolence and fatigue. The most frequently reported neuropsychiatric reactions in pediatric patients in the 50 mg per day and 400 mg per day groups during the monotherapy double-blind study were headache, dizziness, anorexia, and somnolence.
No patients discontinued treatment due to any adverse events in the adjunctive epilepsy double-blind trials. In the monotherapy epilepsy double-blind trial conducted with immediate-release topiramate product, 1 pediatric patient (2%) in the 50 mg per day group and 7 pediatric patients (12%) in the 400 mg per day group discontinued treatment due to any adverse events. The most common adverse reaction associated with discontinuation of therapy was difficulty with concentration/attention; all occurred in the 400 mg per day group.
5.7 Fetal Toxicity
Topiramate can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Data from pregnancy registries indicate that infants exposed to topiramate in utero have an increased risk for cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts). When multiple species of pregnant animals received topiramate at clinically relevant doses, structural malformations, including craniofacial defects, and reduced fetal weights occurred in offspring [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
Consider the benefits and risks of topiramate when administering the drug in women of childbearing potential, particularly when topiramate is considered for a condition not usually associated with permanent injury or death [see Use in Specific Populations (8.9)]. Topiramate should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be informed of the potential hazard to a fetus [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1 and 8.9)].
5.8 Withdrawal of Antiepileptic Drugs
In patients with or without a history of seizures or epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs including QUDEXY XR, should be gradually withdrawn to minimize the potential for seizures or increased seizure frequency [see Clinical Studies (14)]. In situations where rapid withdrawal of QUDEXY XR is medically required, appropriate monitoring is recommended.
5.9 Hyperammonemia and Encephalopathy
Hyperammonemia/Encephalopathy Without Concomitant Valproic Acid (VPA)
Topiramate treatment has produced hyperammonemia (in some instances dose-related) in clinical investigational programs in very young pediatric patients (1 month to 24 months) who were treated with adjunctive topiramate for partial onset epilepsy (8% for placebo, 10% for 5 mg/kg/day, 0% for 15 mg/kg/day, 9% for 25 mg/kg/day). QUDEXY XR is not approved as adjunctive treatment of partial onset seizures in pediatric patients less than 2 years old. In some patients, ammonia was markedly increased (greater than 50% above upper limit of normal). The hyperammonemia associated with topiramate treatment occurred with and without encephalopathy in placebo-controlled trials, and in an open-label, extension trial. Dose-related hyperammonemia was also observed in the extension trial in pediatric patients up to 2 years old. Clinical symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy often include acute alterations in level of consciousness and/or cognitive function with lethargy or vomiting.
Hyperammonemia with and without encephalopathy has also been observed in post-marketing reports in patients who were taking topiramate without concomitant valproic acid (VPA).
Hyperammonemia/Encephalopathy With Concomitant Valproic Acid (VPA)
Concomitant administration of topiramate and valproic acid (VPA) has been associated with hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy in patients who have tolerated either drug alone based upon post-marketing reports. Although hyperammonemia may be asymptomatic, clinical symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy often include acute alterations in level of consciousness and/or cognitive function with lethargy or vomiting. In most cases, symptoms and signs abated with discontinuation of either drug. This adverse reaction is not due to a pharmacokinetic interaction.
Although QUDEXY XR is not indicated for use in infants/toddlers (1 month to 24 months), topiramate with concomitant VPA clearly produced a dose-related increase in the incidence of treatment-emergent hyperammonemia (above the upper limit of normal, 0% for placebo, 12% for 5 mg/kg/day, 7% for 15 mg/kg/day, 17% for 25 mg/kg/day) in an investigational program using topiramate. Markedly increased, dose-related hyperammonemia (0% for placebo and 5 mg/kg/day, 7% for 15 mg/kg/day, and 8% for 25 mg/kg/day) also occurred in these infants/toddlers. Dose-related hyperammonemia was similarly observed in a long-term, extension trial utilizing topiramate in these very young, pediatric patients [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].
Hyperammonemia with and without encephalopathy has also been observed in post-marketing reports in patients taking topiramate with valproic acid (VPA).
The hyperammonemia associated with topiramate treatment appears to be more common when used concomitantly with VPA.
Monitoring for Hyperammonemia
Patients with inborn errors of metabolism or reduced hepatic mitochondrial activity may be at an increased risk for hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy. Although not studied, topiramate or QUDEXY XR treatment or an interaction of concomitant topiramate-based product and valproic acid treatment may exacerbate existing defects or unmask deficiencies in susceptible persons.
In patients who develop unexplained lethargy, vomiting, or changes in mental status associated with any topiramate treatment, hyperammonemic encephalopathy should be considered and an ammonia level should be measured.
5.10 Kidney Stones
A total of 32/2086 (1.5%) of adults exposed to topiramate during its adjunctive epilepsy therapy development reported the occurrence of kidney stones, an incidence about 2 to 4 times greater than expected in a similar, untreated population. In the double-blind monotherapy epilepsy study, a total of 4/319 (1.3%) of adults exposed to topiramate reported the occurrence of kidney stones. As in the general population, the incidence of stone formation among topiramate-treated patients was higher in men. Kidney stones have also been reported in pediatric patients. During long-term (up to 1 year) topiramate treatment in an open-label extension study of 284 pediatric patients 1 month to 24 months old with epilepsy, 7% developed kidney or bladder stones that were diagnosed clinically or by sonogram. QUDEXY XR is not approved for pediatric patients less than 2 years old [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].
QUDEXY XR would be expected to have the same effect as topiramate on the formation of kidney stones. An explanation for the association of topiramate and kidney stones may lay in the fact that topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., zonisamide, acetazolamide or dichlorphenamide) can promote stone formation by reducing urinary citrate excretion and by increasing urinary pH [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Drug Interactions (7.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. The concomitant use of QUDEXY XR with any other drug producing metabolic acidosis, or potentially in patients on a ketogenic diet may create a physiological environment that increases the risk of kidney stone formation, and should therefore be avoided.
Increased fluid intake increases the urinary output, lowering the concentration of substances involved in stone formation. Hydration is recommended to reduce new stone formation.
5.11 Hypothermia with Concomitant Valproic Acid Use
Hypothermia, defined as an unintentional drop in body core temperature to less than 35ºC (95ºF) has been reported in association with topiramate use with concomitant valproic acid (VPA) both in the presence and in the absence of hyperammonemia. This adverse reaction in patients using concomitant topiramate and valproate can occur after starting topiramate treatment or after increasing the daily dose of topiramate [see Drug Interactions (7.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Consideration should be given to stopping topiramate or valproate in patients who develop hypothermia, which may be manifested by a variety of clinical abnormalities including lethargy, confusion, coma, and significant alterations in other major organ systems such as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Clinical management and assessment should include examination of blood ammonia levels.
5.12 Paresthesia
Paresthesia (usually tingling of the extremities), an effect associated with the use of other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, appears to be a common effect of topiramate. Paresthesia was more frequently reported in the monotherapy epilepsy trials conducted with immediate-release topiramate than in the adjunctive therapy epilepsy trials conducted with the same product. In the majority of instances, paresthesia did not lead to treatment discontinuation [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
5.13 Interaction with Other CNS Depressants
Topiramate is a CNS depressant. Concomitant administration of topiramate with other CNS depressant drugs or alcohol can result in significant CNS depression. Patients should be watched carefully when QUDEXY XR is co-administered with other CNS depressant drugs [see Drug Interactions (7.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
The following adverse reactions are discussed in more detail in other sections of the labeling:
Acute Myopia and Secondary Angle Closure Glaucoma [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
Visual Field Defects [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
Oligohydrosis and Hyperthermia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
Metabolic Acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
Suicidal Behavior and Ideation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
Cognitive/Neuropsychiatric Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]
Fetal Toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]
Withdrawal of Antiepileptic Drugs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)]
Hyperammonemia and Encephalopathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)]
Kidney Stones [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)]
Hypothermia with Concomitant Valproic Acid Use [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)]
Paresthesia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)]
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience with Immediate-Release Topiramate
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
Adverse Reactions Observed in Monotherapy Trial
Adults 17 Years and Older
The adverse reactions in the monotherapy controlled trial (Study 1) that occurred most commonly in adults in the 400 mg per day group (incidence greater than or equal to 5%) and at a rate higher than the 50 mg per day group were paresthesia, weight decrease, somnolence, anorexia, dizziness, and difficulty with memory [see Table 2] [see Clinical Studies (14.2)].
Approximately 21% of the 159 adult patients in the 400 mg per day group who received topiramate as monotherapy in Study 1 discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions. The most common (greater than or equal to 2% more frequent than low-dose 50 mg per day topiramate) adverse reactions causing discontinuation in this trial were difficulty with memory, fatigue, asthenia, insomnia, somnolence and paresthesia.
Pediatric Patients 10 Years to 16 Years of Age
The adverse reactions in the controlled trial (Study 1) that occurred most commonly in children (10 years up to 16 years of age) in the 400 mg per day topiramate group (incidence greater than or equal to 5%) and at a rate higher than in the 50 mg per day group were weight decrease, upper respiratory tract infection, paresthesia, anorexia, diarrhea, and mood problems [see Table 3] [see Clinical Studies (14.2)].
Approximately 12% of the 57 pediatric patients in the 400 mg per day group who received topiramate as monotherapy in the controlled clinical trial discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions. The most common (greater than 5%) adverse reactions resulting in discontinuation in this trial were difficulty with concentration/attention.
Table 2: Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reaction in the Monotherapy Epilepsy Trial in Adults* Where Incidence Was at Least 2% in the 400 mg/day Immediate-Release Topiramate Group and Greater Than the Rate in the 50 mg/day Immediate-Release Topiramate Group Immediate-release topiramate Dosage
(mg/day)
Body System/
Adverse Reaction 50
(N=160) 400
(N=159)
*
Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given adverse reaction. Patients may have reported more than one adverse reaction during the study and can be included in more than one adverse reaction category
Body as a Whole-General Disorders
Asthenia 4 6
Leg Pain 2 3
Chest Pain 1 2
Central & Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
Paresthesia 21 40
Dizziness 13 14
Hypoasthesia 4 5
Ataxia 3 4
Hypertonia 0 3
Gastro-intestinal System Disorders
Diarrhea 5 6
Constipation 1 4
Gastritis 0 3
Dry Mouth 1 3
Gastroesophageal Reflux 1 2
Liver and Biliary System Disorders
Gamma-GT Increased 1 3
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders
Weight Decrease 6 16
Psychiatric Disorders
Somnolence 9 15
Anorexia 4 14
Difficulty with Memory NOS 5 10
Insomnia 8 9
Depression 7 9
Difficulty with Concentration/Attention 7 8
Anxiety 4 6
Psychomotor Slowing 3 5
Mood Problems 2 5
Confusion 3 4
Cognitive Problem NOS 1 4
Libido Decreased 0 3
Reproductive Disorders, Female
Vaginal Hemorrhage 0 3
Red Blood Cell Disorders
Anemia 1 2
Resistance Mechanism Disorders
Infection Viral 6 8
Infection 2 3
Respiratory System Disorders
Bronchitis 3 4
Rhinitis 2 4
Dyspnea 1 2
Skin and Appendages Disorders
Rash 1 4
Pruritus 1 4
Acne 2 3
Special Senses Other, Disorders
Taste Perversion 3 5
Urinary System Disorders
Cystitis 1 3
Renal Calculus 0 3
Urinary Tract Infection 1 2
Dysuria 0 2
Micturition Frequency 0 2
Table 3: Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions in the Monotherapy Epilepsy Trial in Pediatric Patients (Ages 10 up to 16 Years)* Where Incidence Was at Least 5% in the 400 mg/day Immediate-Release Topiramate Group and Greater than the Rate in the 50mg/day Immediate-Release Topiramate Group Immediate-release topiramate Dosage
(mg/day)
Body System/
Adverse Reaction 50
(N=57) 400
(N=57)
*
Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given adverse event. Patients may have reported more than one adverse event during the study and can be included in more than one adverse event category
Body as a Whole-General Disorders
Fever 0 9
Central & Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
Paresthesia 2 16
Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders
Diarrhea 5 11
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders
Weight Decrease 7 21
Psychiatric Disorders
Anorexia 11 14
Mood Problems 2 11
Difficulty with Concentration/Attention 4 9
Cognitive Problem NOS 0 7
Nervousness 4 5
Resistance Mechanism Disorders
Infection Viral 4 9
Infection 2 7
Respiratory System Disorders
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 16 18
Rhinitis 2 7
Bronchitis 2 7
Sinusitis 2 5
Skin and Appendages Disorders
Alopecia 2 5
Adverse Reactions Observed in Adjunctive Therapy Epilepsy Trials
The most commonly observed adverse reactions associated with the use of topiramate at dosages of 200 to 400 mg per day in controlled trials in adults with partial onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome that were seen at greater frequency in topiramate-treated patients and did not appear to be dose-related were: somnolence, ataxia, speech disorders and related speech problems, psychomotor slowing, abnormal vision, difficulty with memory, paresthesia and diplopia [see Table 4] [see Clinical Studies (14.3, 14.4 and 14.5)]. The most common dose-related adverse reactions at dosages of 200 mg to 1,000 mg per day were: fatigue, nervousness, difficulty with concentration or attention, confusion, depression, anorexia, language problems, anxiety, mood problems, and weight decrease [see Table 6].
Adverse reactions associated with the use of topiramate at dosages of 5 mg/kg/day to 9 mg/kg/day in controlled trials in pediatric patients with partial onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome that were seen at greater frequency in topiramate-treated patients were: fatigue, somnolence, anorexia, nervousness, difficulty with concentration/attention, difficulty with memory, aggressive reaction, and weight decrease [see Table 7].
In controlled clinical trials in adults, 11% of patients receiving topiramate 200 to 400mg per day as adjunctive therapy discontinued due to adverse reactions. This rate appeared to increase at dosages above 400mg per day. Adverse events associated with discontinuing therapy included somnolence, dizziness, anxiety, difficulty with concentration or attention, fatigue, and paresthesia and increased at dosages above 400 mg per day. None of the pediatric patients who received topiramate adjunctive therapy at 5 mg/kg/day to 9 mg/kg/day in controlled clinical trials discontinued due to adverse reactions.
Approximately 28% of the 1757 adults with epilepsy who received topiramate at dosages of 200 mg to 1,600 mg per day in clinical studies discontinued treatment because of adverse reactions; an individual patient could have reported more than one adverse reaction. These adverse reactions were: psychomotor slowing (4.0%), difficulty with memory (3.2%), fatigue (3.2%), confusion (3.1%), somnolence (3.2%), difficulty with concentration/attention (2.9%), anorexia (2.7%), depression (2.6%), dizziness (2.5%), weight decrease (2.5%), nervousness (2.3%), ataxia (2.1%), and paresthesia (2.0%). Approximately 11% of the 310 pediatric patients who received topiramate at dosages up to 30 mg/kg/day discontinued due to adverse reactions. Adverse reactions associated with discontinuing therapy included aggravated convulsions (2.3%), difficulty with concentration/attention (1.6%), language problems (1.3%), personality disorder (1.3%), and somnolence (1.3%).
Incidence in Epilepsy Controlled Clinical Trials – Adjunctive Therapy – Partial Onset Seizures, Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures, and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
Table 4 lists adverse reactions that occurred in at least 1% of adults treated with 200 to 400 mg per day topiramate in controlled trials that were numerically more common at this dose than in the patients treated with placebo. In general, most patients who experienced adverse reactions during the first eight weeks of these trials no longer experienced them by their last visit. Table 7 lists adverse reactions that occurred in at least 1% of pediatric patients treated with 5 mg/kg to 9 mg/kg topiramate in controlled trials that were numerically more common than in patients treated with placebo.
Other Adverse Reactions Observed During Double-Blind Epilepsy Adjunctive Therapy Trials
Other adverse reactions that occurred in more than 1% of adults treated with 200 mg to 400 mg of topiramate in placebo-controlled epilepsy trials but with equal or greater frequency in the placebo group were headache, injury, anxiety, rash, pain, convulsions aggravated, coughing, fever, diarrhea, vomiting, muscle weakness, insomnia, personality disorder, dysmenorrhea, upper respiratory tract infection, and eye pain.
Table 4: Incidence of Adverse Reactions in Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Epilepsy Trials in Adults*,†,‡ Topiramate Dosage
(mg per day)
Body System/
Adverse Reaction‡ Placebo
(N=291) 200-400
(N=183) 600-1,000
(N=414)
*
Patients in these adjunctive trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to topiramate or placebo
†
Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given reaction. Patient may have reported more than one adverse reaction during the study and can be included in more than one adverse reaction category.
‡
Adverse reactions reported by at least 1% of patients in the topiramate 200 mg to 400 mg per day group and more common than in the placebo group
Body as a Whole-General Disorders
Fatigue 13 15 30
Asthenia 1 6 3
Back pain 4 5 3
Chest pain 3 4 2
Influenza-like symptoms 2 3 4
Leg pain 2 2 4
Hot flushes 1 2 1
Allergy 1 2 3
Edema 1 2 1
Body odor 0 1 0
Rigors 0 1 <1
Central & Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
Dizziness 15 25 32
Ataxia 7 16 14
Speech disorders/Related speech problems 2 13 11
Paresthesia 4 11 19
Nystagmus 7 10 11
Tremor 6 9 9
Language problems 1 6 10
Coordination abnormal 2 4 4
Hypoaesthesia 1 2 1
Gait abnormal 1 3 2
Muscle contractions involuntary 1 2 2
Stupor 0 2 1
Vertigo 1 1 2
Gastro-intestinal System Disorders
Nausea 8 10 12
Dyspepsia 6 7 6
Abdominal pain 4 6 7
Constipation 2 4 3
Gastroenteritis 1 2 1
Dry mouth 1 2 4
Gingivitis <1 1 1
GI disorder <1 1 0
Hearing and Vestibular Disorders
Hearing decreased 1 2 1
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders
Weight decrease 3 9 13
Musculo-Skeletal System Disorders
Myalgia 1 2 2
Skeletal pain 0 1 0
Platelet, Bleeding & Clotting Disorders
Epistaxis 1 2 1
| 以下是“全球医药”详细资料 |
|
|
