Rebif (interferon beta-1a)

Rebif (interferon beta-1a) is a purified 166 amino acid glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 22,500 daltons.  It is produced by recombinant DNA technology using genetically engineered Chinese Hamster Ovary cells into which the human interferon beta gene has been introduced.  The amino acid sequence of Rebif is identical to that of natural fibroblast derived human interferon beta.  Natural interferon beta and interferon beta-1a (Rebif)are glycosylated with each containing a single N-linked complex carbohydrate moiety.

Using a reference standard calibrated against the World Health Organization natural interferon beta standard (Second International Standard for Interferon, Human Fibroblast GB 23 902 531), Rebif has a specific activity of approximately 270 million international units (MIU) of antiviral activity per mg of interferon beta-1a determined specifically by an in vitro cytopathic effect bioassay using WISH cells and Vesicular Stomatitis virus.  Rebif 8.8 mcg, 22 mcg and 44 mcg contain approximately 2.4 MIU, 6 MIU or 12 MIU, respectively, of antiviral activity using this method.

Rebif (interferon beta-1a) is formulated as a sterile solution in a prefilled syringe intended for subcutaneous (sc) injection.  Each 0.5 mL (0.5 cc) of Rebif contains either 22 mcg or 44 mcg of interferon beta-1a, 2 or 4 mg albumin (human) USP, 27.3 mg mannitol USP, 0.4 mg sodium acetate, Water for Injection USP. Each 0.2 mL (0.2 cc) of Rebif contains 8.8 mcg of interferon beta-1a, 0.8 mg albumin (human) USP, 10.9 mg mannitol USP, 0.16 mg sodium acetate, and Water for Injection USP.

Interferons are a family of naturally occurring proteins that are produced by eukaryotic cells in response to viral infection and other biological inducers. Interferons possess immunomodulatory, antiviral and antiproliferative biological activities. They exert their biological effects by binding to specific receptors on the surface of cells.   Three major groups of interferons have been distinguished: alpha, beta, and gamma.  Interferons alpha and beta form the Type I interferons and interferon gamma is a Type II interferon.  Type I interferons have considerably overlapping but also distinct biological activities.  Interferon beta is produced naturally by various cell types including fibroblasts and macrophages. Binding of interferon beta to its receptors initiates a complex cascade of intracellular events that leads to the expression of numerous interferon-induced gene products and markers, including 2’, 5’-oligoadenylate synthetase, beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin, which may mediate some of the biological activities.  The specific interferon-induced proteins and mechanisms by which interferon beta-1a exerts its effects in multiple sclerosis have not been fully defined.

The pharmacokinetics of Rebif (interferon beta-1a) in people with multiple sclerosis have not been eva luated. In healthy volunteer subjects, a single subcutaneous (sc) injection of 60 mcg of Rebif (liquid formulation), resulted in a peak serum concentration (C) of 5.1 ± 1.7 IU/mL (mean ± SD), with a median time of peak serum concentration (T) of 16 hours.  The serum elimination half-life (t) was 69 ± 37 hours, and the area under the serum concentration versus time curve (AUC) from zero to 96 hours was 294 ± 81 IU·h/mL.  Following every other day sc injections in healthy volunteer subjects, an increase in AUC of approximately 240% was observed, suggesting that accumulation of interferon beta-1a occurs after repeat administration.  Total clearance is approximately 33-55 L/hour. There have been no observed gender-related effects on pharmacokinetic parameters.  Pharmacokinetics of Rebif in pediatric and geriatric patients or patients with renal or hepatic insufficiency have not been established.

Biological response markers (e.g., 2’,5’-OAS activity, neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin) are induced by interferon beta-1a following parenteral doses administered to healthy volunteer subjects and to patients with multiple sclerosis.  Following a single sc administration of 60 mcg of Rebif intracellular 2’,5’-OAS activity peaked between 12 to 24 hours and beta-2-microglobulin and neopterin serum concentrations showed a maximum at approximately 24 to 48 hours.  All three markers remained elevated for up to four days. Administration of Rebif 22 mcg three times per week (tiw) inhibited mitogen-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and TNF-β) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells that, on average,  was near double that observed with Rebif® administered once per week (qw) at either 22 or 66 mcg.

The relationships between serum interferon beta-1a levels and measurable pharmacodynamic activities to the mechanism(s) by which Rebif exerts its effects in multiple sclerosis are unknown. No gender-related effects on pharmacodynamic parameters have been observed.

Two multicenter studies eva luated the safety and efficacy of Rebif® in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Study 1 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study in patients with multiple sclerosis for at least one year, Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores ranging from 0 to 5, and at least 2 acute exacerbations in the previous 2 years.  Patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis were excluded from the study.  Patients received sc injections of either placebo (n = 187), Rebif 22 mcg (n = 189), or Rebif 44 mcg  (n = 184) administered tiw for two years.   Doses of study agents were progressively increased to their target doses during the first 4 to 8 weeks for each patient in the study (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

The primary efficacy endpoint was the number of clinical exacerbations. Numerous secondary efficacy endpoints were also eva luated and included exacerbation-related parameters, effects of treatment on progression of disability and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-related parameters.  Progression of disability was defined as an increase in the EDSS score of at least 1 point sustained for at least 3 months.   Neurological examinations were completed every 3 months, during suspected exacerbations, and coincident with MRI scans.  All patients underwent proton density T2-weighted (PD/T2) MRI scans at baseline and every 6 months.  A subset of 198 patients underwent PD/T2 and T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced (Gd)-MRI scans monthly for the first 9 months.  Of the 560 patients enrolled, 533 (95%) provided 2 years of data and 502 (90%) received 2 years of study agent.

Study results are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.  Rebif at doses of 22 mcg and 44 mcg administered sc tiw significantly reduced the number of exacerbations per patient as compared to placebo. Differences between the 22 mcg and 44 mcg groups were not significant (p >0.05).

The exact relationship between MRI findings and the clinical status of patients is unknown.  Changes in lesion area often do not correlate with changes in disability progression.  The prognostic significance of the MRI findings in these studies has not been eva luated.

The time to onset of progression in disability sustained for three months was significantly longer in patients treated with Rebif than in placebo-treated patients.  The Kaplan-Meier estimates of the proportions of patients with sustained disability are depicted in Figure 1.

The safety and efficacy of treatment with Rebif beyond 2 years have not been established.

Study 2 was a randomized, open-label, eva luator-blinded, active comparator study.  Patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis with EDSS scores ranging from 0 to 5.5, and at least 2 exacerbations in the previous 2 years were eligible for inclusion.  Patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis were excluded from the study.  Patients were randomized to treatment with Rebif 44 mcg tiw by sc injection (n=339) or Avonex 30 mcg qw by intramuscular (im) injection (n=338).  Study duration was 48 weeks.

The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients who remained exacerbation-free at 24 weeks. The principal secondary endpoint was the mean number per patient per scan of combined unique active MRI lesions through 24 weeks, defined as any lesion that was T1 active or T2 active.  Neurological examinations were performed every three months by a neurologist blinded to treatment assignment.  Patient visits were conducted monthly, and mid-month telephone contacts were made to inquire about potential exacerbations.  If an exacerbation was suspected, the patient was eva luated with a neurological examination.  MRI scans were performed monthly and analyzed in a treatment–blinded manner.

Patients treated with Rebif® 44 mcg sc tiw were more likely to remain relapse-free at 24 and 48 weeks than were patients treated with Avonex® 30 mcg im qw (Table 2).  This study does not support any conclusion regarding effects on the accumulation of physical disability.

The adverse reactions over 48 weeks were generally similar between the two treatment groups.  Exceptions included injection site disorders (83% of patients on Rebif® vs. 28% of patients on Avonex®), hepatic function disorders (18% on Rebif® vs. 10% on Avonex®), and leukopenia (6% on Rebif® vs. <1% on Avonex®), which were observed with greater frequency in the Rebif® group compared to the Avonex® group.

Rebif(interferon beta-1a) is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis to decrease the frequency of clinical exacerbations and delay the accumulation of physical disability.  Efficacy of Rebif® in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis has not been established.

Rebif (interferon beta-1a) is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to natural or recombinant interferon, human albumin, or any other component of the formulation.

Rebif (interferon beta-1a) should be used with caution in patients with depression, a condition that is common in people with multiple sclerosis.  Depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts have been reported to occur with increased frequency in patients receiving interferon compounds, including Rebif®. In addition, there have been postmarketing reports of suicide in patients treated with Rebif®.  Patients should be advised to report immediately any symptoms of depression and/or suicidal ideation to the prescribing physician.  If a patient develops depression, cessation of treatment with Rebif should be considered.

Hepatic Injury

Severe liver injury, including some cases of  hepatic failure requiring liver transplantation, has been reported  rarely in patients taking Rebif.  Symptoms of liver dysfunction began from one to six months following the initiation of Rebif.  If jaundice or other symptoms of liver dysfunction appear, treatment with Rebif should be discontinued immediately due to the potential for rapid progression to liver failure.

Asymptomatic elevation of hepatic transaminases (particularly SGPT) is common with interferon therapy (see ADVERSE REACTIONS).  Rebif should be initiated with caution in patients with active liver disease, alcohol abuse, increased serum SGPT (> 2.5 times ULN), or a history of significant liver disease.  Also, the potential risk of Rebif used in combination with known hepatotoxic products should be considered prior to Rebif administration, or when adding new agents to the regimen of patients already on Rebif.  Reduction of Rebif dose should be considered if SGPT rises above 5 times the upper limit of normal.  The dose may be gradually re-escalated when enzyme levels have normalized.    (See PRECAUTIONS: Laboratory Tests and Drug Interactions; and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis has been reported as a rare complication of Rebif® use.  Other allergic reactions have included skin rash and urticaria, and have ranged from mild to severe without a clear relationship to dose or duration of exposure.  Several allergic reactions, some severe, have occurred after prolonged use.

Albumin (Human)

This product contains albumin, a derivative of human blood.  Based on effective donor screening and product manufacturing processes, it carries an extremely remote risk for transmission of viral diseases.  A theoretical risk for transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) also is considered extremely remote.  No cases of transmission of viral diseases or CJD have ever been identified for albumin.

Caution should be exercised when administering Rebif to patients with pre-existing seizure disorders.  Seizures have been associated with the use of beta interferons including Rebif.    Leukopenia and new or worsening thyroid abnormalities have developed in some patients treated with Rebif® (see ADVERSE REACTIONS).  Regular monitoring for these conditions is recommended (see PRECAUTIONS : Laboratory Tests).

All patients should be instructed to read the Rebif® Medication Guide supplied to them.  Patients should be cautioned not to change the dosage or the schedule of administration without medical consultation.

Patients should be informed of the most common and the most severe adverse reactions associated with the use of Rebif® (see WARNINGS and ADVERSE REACTIONS).  Patients should be advised of the symptoms associated with these conditions, and to report them to their physician.

Female patients should be cautioned about the abortifacient potential of Rebif® (see PRECAUTIONS: Pregnancy).

Patients should be instructed in the use of aseptic technique when administering Rebif®.  Appropriate instruction for self-injection or injection by another person should be provided, including careful review of the Rebif® Medication Guide.  If a patient is to self-administer Rebif®, the physical and cognitive ability of that patient to self-administer and properly dispose of syringes should be assessed.  The initial injection should be performed under the supervision of an appropriately qualified health care professional. Patients should be advised of the importance of rotating sites of injection with each dose, to minimize the likelihood of severe injection site reactions or necrosis.  A puncture-resistant container for disposal of used needles and syringes should be supplied to the patient along with instructions for safe disposal of full containers.  Patients should be instructed in the technique and importance of proper syringe disposal and be cautioned against reuse of these items.

In addition to those laboratory tests normally required for monitoring patients with multiple sclerosis, blood cell counts and liver function tests are recommended at regular intervals (1, 3, and 6 months) following introduction of Rebif therapy and then periodically thereafter in the absence of clinical symptoms. Thyroid function tests are recommended every 6 months in patients with a history of thyroid dysfunction or as clinically indicated. Patients with myelosuppression may require more intensive monitoring of complete blood cell counts, with differential and platelet counts.

No formal drug interaction studies have been conducted with Rebif.  Due to its potential to cause neutropenia and lymphopenia, proper monitoring of patients is required if Rebif is given in combination with myelosuppressive agents.

Also, the potential for hepatic injury should be considered when Rebif is used in combination with other products associated with hepatic injury, or when new agents are added to the regimen of patients already on Rebif (see WARNINGS: Hepatic Injury).

In a nonrandomized prospective clinical study, 86 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients on Rebif® 44 mcg tiw for at least 6 months and 77 patients not receiving interferon received influenza vaccination.  The proportion of patients achieving a positive antibody response (defined as a titer > 1:40 measured by a hemagglutination inhibition assay) was similar in the two groups (93% and 91%, respectively).  The exact relationship of antibody titers to vaccine efficacy was not studied and is not known in patients receiving Rebif®.  Therefore, while patients receiving Rebif® may receive concomitant vaccination, the overall effectiveness of such vaccination is unknown.

Carcinogenesis:  No carcinogenicity data for Rebif® are available in animals or humans. 

Mutagenesis: Rebif® was not mutagenic when tested in the Ames bacterial test and in an in vitro cytogenetic assay in human lymphocytes in the presence and absence of metabolic activation.

Impairment of Fertility:  No studies have been conducted to eva luate the effects of Rebif on fertility in humans. In studies in normally cycling female cynomolgus monkeys given daily sc injections of Rebif® for six months at doses of up to 9 times the recommended weekly human dose (based on body surface area), no effects were observed on either menstrual cycling or serum estradiol levels.  The validity of extrapolating doses used in animal studies to human doses is not established.  In male monkeys, the same doses of Rebif® had no demonstrable adverse effects on sperm count, motility, morphology, or function.

Rebif® treatment has been associated with significant increases in embryolethal or abortifacient effects in cynomolgus monkeys administered doses approximately 2 times the cumulative weekly human dose (based on either body weight or surface area) either during the period of organogenesis (gestation day 21-89) or later in pregnancy. There were no fetal malformations or other evidence of teratogenesis noted in these studies.  These effects are consistent with the abortifacient effects of other type I interferons.  There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of Rebif in pregnant women.  However, in Studies 1 and 2, there were 2 spontaneous abortions observed and 5 fetuses carried to term among 7 women in the Rebif® groups. If a woman becomes pregnant or plans to become pregnant while taking Rebif, she should be informed about the potential hazards to the fetus, and discontinuation of Rebif® should be considered.

It is not known whether Rebif is excreted in human milk.  Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Rebif® is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use: The safety and effectiveness of Rebif in pediatric patients have not been studied.

Geriatric Use: Clinical studies of Rebif did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

The most frequently reported serious adverse reactions with Rebif® were psychiatric disorders including depression and suicidal ideation or attempt (see WARNINGS:  Depression).  The incidence of depression of any severity in the Rebif®-treated groups and placebo-treated group was approximately 25%. 

The most commonly reported adverse reactions were injection site disorders, influenza-like symptoms (headache, fatigue, fever, rigors, chest pain, back pain, myalgia), abdominal pain, depression, elevation of liver enzymes and hematologic abnormalities.  The most frequently reported adverse reactions resulting in clinical intervention (e.g., discontinuation of Rebif®, adjustment in dosage, or the need for concomitant medication to treat an adverse reaction symptom) were injection site disorders, influenza-like symptoms, depression and elevation of liver enzymes (see WARNINGS).

In Study 1, 6 patients randomized to Rebif® 44 mcg tiw (3%), and 2 patients who received Rebif® 22 mcg tiw (1%) developed injection site necrosis during two years of therapy.    Rebif® was continued in 7 patients and interrupted briefly in one patient. There was one report of injection site necrosis in Study 2 during 48 weeks of Rebif treatment.  All events resolved with conservative management.

The rates of adverse reactions and association with Rebif® in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis are drawn from the placebo-controlled study (n = 560) and the active comparator-controlled study (n = 339).

The population encompassed an age range from 18 to 55 years.  Nearly three-fourths of the patients were female, and more than 90% were Caucasian, largely reflecting the general demographics of the population of patients with multiple sclerosis.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of Rebif® cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of other drugs and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Table 3 enumerates adverse events and laboratory abnormalities that occurred at an incidence that was at least 2% more in either Rebif®-treated group than was observed in the placebo group.

Postmarketing Experience

In addition to adverse events reported from clinical trials, the following events have been reported during postmarketing use of Rebif®.  Because these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, the frequency or a causal relationship to Rebif can not be reliably determined.

Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP/HUS).

Eye Disorders:  Retinal vascular disorders (i.e. retinopathy, cotton wool spots or obstruction of retinal artery or vein).

Hepatobiliary Disorders:  Rare cases of severe liver dysfunction, including hepatic failure requiring liver transplantation (See WARNINGS: Hepatic Injury).

Nervous System:  Seizures (see PRECAUTIONS : General) .  Transient neurological symptoms (i.e., hypoesthesia, muscle spasm, paresthesia, difficulty walking, musculoskeletal stiffness) that mimic MS exacerbations of limited duration, temporally related to the injections and most prominent at the initiation of therapy. In some cases, these symptoms were associated with flu-like syndrome.

Psychiatric Disorders:  suicide (see WARNINGS : Depression and Suicide ).

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Injection site abscesses, injecton site infections, including cellulitis and necrosis requiring debridement, systemic antibiotic treatment and/or grafting; erythema multiforme, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

As with all therapeutic proteins, there is a potential for immunogenicity.  In study 1, the presence of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) to Rebif® was determined by collecting and analyzing serum pre-study and at 6 month time intervals during the 2 years of the clinical trial.  Serum NAb were detected in 59/189 (31%) and 45/184 (24%) of Rebif®-treated patients at the 22 mcg and 44 mcg tiw doses, respectively, at one or more times during the study.  The clinical significance of the presence of NAb to Rebif® is unknown.

The data reflect the percentage of patients whose test results were considered positive for antibodies to Rebif® using an antiviral cytopathic effect assay, and are highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay.  Additionally, the observed incidence of NAb positivity in an assay may be influenced by several factors including sample handling, timing of sample collection, concomitant medications and underlying disease.  For these reasons, comparison of the incidence of antibodies to Rebif® with the incidence of antibodies to other products may be misleading.

Anaphylaxis and other allergic reactions have been observed with the use of Rebif® (see WARNINGS: Anaphylaxis).

There is no evidence that abuse or dependence occurs with Rebif therapy.  However, the risk of dependence has not been systematically eva luated.

Safety of doses higher than 44 mcg sc tiw has not been adequately eva luated.  The maximum amount of Rebif that can be safely administered has not been determined.

Dosages of Rebif shown to be safe and effective are 22 mcg and 44 mcg injected subcutaneously three times per week.  Rebif should be administered, if possible, at the same time (preferably in the late afternoon or evening) on the same three days (e.g., Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) at least 48 hours apart each week (see CLINICAL STUDIES).  Generally, patients should be started at 20% of the prescribed dose tiw and increased over a 4-week period to the targeted dose, either 22 mcg or 44 mcg tiw (see Table 4).  Following the administration of each dose, any residual product remaining in the syringe should be discarded in a safe and proper manner.

A Rebif Titration Pack containing 6 doses of 8.8 mcg (0.2 mL) and 6 doses of 22 mcg (0.5 mL) is available for use during the titration period.

Leukopenia or elevated liver function tests may necessitate dose reduction or discontinuation  of Rebif  administration  until toxicity is resolved (see WARNINGS: Hepatic Injury

Manufacturer

EMD Serono, Inc.

Active Ingredients

Source

• U.S. National Library of Medicine
• DailyMed
•  Last Updated: 2nd of March 2011