etformin excreted in urine. Tmax and half-life were unaffected. Nifedipine appears to enhance the absorption of metformin.
Miglitol
No effect of miglitol was observed on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nifedipine.
Repaglinide
Coadministration of 10 mg nifedipine with a single dose of 2 mg repaglinide (after 4 days nifedipine 10 mg t.i.d. and repaglinide 2 mg t.i.d.) resulted in unchanged AUC and Cmax values for both drugs.
Acarbose
Nifedipine tends to produce hyperglycemia and may lead to loss of glucose control. If nifedipine is coadministered with acarbose, blood glucose levels should be monitored carefully and a dose adjustment of nifedipine considered.
Drugs Interfering with Food Absorption
Orlistat
In 17 normal-weight subjects receiving orlistat 120 mg t.i.d. for 6 days, orlistat did not alter the bioavailability of 60 mg nifedipine (extended release tablets).
Dietary Supplements
Grapefruit Juice
In healthy volunteers, a single dose coadministration of 250 mL double strength grapefruit juice with 10 mg nifedipine increased AUC and Cmax by factors of 1.35 and 1.13, respectively. Ingestion of repeated doses of grapefruit juice (5 x 200 mL in 12 hours) after administration of 20 mg nifedipine extended-release increased AUC and Cmax of nifedipine by a factor of 2. Grapefruit juice should be avoided by patients on nifedipine. The intake of grapefruit juice should be stopped at least 3 days prior to initiating patients on nifedipine.
Herbals
St. John’s Wort
St. John’s Wort is an inducer of CYP3A and may decrease the exposure to nifedipine. Alternative antihypertensive therapy should be considered in patients in whom St. John’s Wort therapy is necessary.
CYP2D6 Probe Drug
Debrisoquine
In healthy volunteers, pretreatment with nifedipine 20 mg t.i.d. for 5 days did not change the metabolic ratio of hydroxydebrisoquine to debrisoquine measured in urine after a single dose of 10 mg debrisoquine. Thus, it is improbable that nifedipine inhibits in vivo the metabolism of other drugs that are substrates of CYP2D6.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Nifedipine was administered orally to rats for 2 years and was not shown to be carcinogenic. When given to rats prior to mating, nifedipine caused reduced fertility at a dose approximately 30 times the maximum recommended human dose. There is a literature report of reversible reduction in the ability of human sperm obtained from a limited number of infertile men taking recommended doses of nifedipine to bind to and fertilize an ovum in vitro. In vivo mutagenicity studies were negative.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects
Pregnancy Category C
In rodents, rabbits and monkeys, nifedipine has been shown to have a variety of embryotoxic, placentotoxic, teratogenic and fetotoxic effects, including stunted fetuses (rats, mice and rabbits), digital anomalies (rats and rabbits), rib deformities (mice), cleft palate (mice), small placentas and underdeveloped chorionic villi (monkeys), embryonic and fetal deaths (rats, mice and rabbits), prolonged pregnancy (rats; not eva luated in other species), and decreased neonatal survival (rats; not eva luated in other species). On a mg/kg or mg/m2 basis, some of the doses associated with these various effects are higher than the maximum recommended human dose and some are lower, but all are within an order of magnitude of it.
The digital anomalies seen in nifedipine-exposed rab |
