fetus. It is essential for patients with diabetes or a history of gestational diabetes to maintain good metabolic control before conception and throughout pregnancy. Insulin requirements may decrease during the first trimester, generally increase during the second and third trimesters, and rapidly decline after delivery. Careful monitoring of glucose control is essential in these patients.
Subcutaneous reproduction and teratology studies have been performed with insulin degludec and human insulin (NPH) as a comparator in rats and rabbits. In these studies, insulin was given to female rats before mating throughout pregnancy until weaning, and to rabbits during organogenesis. The effect of insulin degludec was consistent with those observed with human insulin as both caused pre- and post-implantation losses and visceral/skeletal abnormalities in rats at an insulin degludec dose of 21 U/kg/day (approximately 5 times the human exposure (AUC) at a human subcutaneous dose of 0.75 U/kg/day) and in rabbits at a dose of 3.3 U/kg/day (approximately 10 times the human exposure (AUC) at a human subcutaneous dose of 0.75 U/kg/day). The effects are probably secondary to maternal hypoglycemia.
8.3 Nursing MothersIt is unknown whether insulin degludec is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs, including human insulin, are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when insulin degludec is administered to a nursing mother. Women with diabetes who are lactating may require adjustments in insulin dose, meal plan, or both.
In rats, insulin degludec was secreted in milk and the concentration in milk was lower than in plasma.
8.4 Pediatric UseThe safety and efficacy of TRESIBA in children and adolescents under the age of 18 have not been established.
8.5 Geriatric UseIn controlled clinical studies [see Clinical Studies (14)] a total of 77 (7%) of the 1102 TRESIBA -treated patients with type 1 diabetes were 65 years or older and 9 (1%) were 75 years or older. A total of 670 (25%) of the 2713 TRESIBA-treated patients with type 2 diabetes were 65 years or older and 80 (3%) were 75 years or older. Differences in safety or effectiveness were not suggested in subgroup analyses comparing subjects older than 65 years to younger subjects.
Nevertheless, greater caution should be exercised when TRESIBA is administered to geriatric patients since greater sensitivity of some older individuals to the effects of TRESIBA cannot be ruled out. The initial dosing, dose increments, and maintenance dosage should be conservative to avoid hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia may be more difficult to recognize in the elderly.
8.6 Renal ImpairmentIn clinical studies [see Clinical Studies (14)] a total of 75 (7%) of the 1102 TRESIBA-treated patients with type 1 diabetes had an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 1 (0.1%) had an eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. A total of 250 (9%) of the 2713 TRESIBA-treated patients with type 2 diabetes had an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and no subjects had an eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
No clinically relevant difference in the pharmacokinetics of TRESIBA was identified in a study comparing healthy subjects and subjects with renal impairment including subjects with end stage renal disease [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. However, as with all insulin products, glucose monitoring should be intensified and the TRESIBA dosage adjusted on an individual basis in patients with renal impairment.
8.7 Hepatic ImpairmentNo difference in th
